Reform Movements
This is the amount of years between classes that made it to Period 5 in APUSH.
What is 15 years?
The use of the Force Bill would have been most condemned by this group.
What are South Carolina plantation owners?
Source: U.S. Supreme Court, McCullouch v. Maryland, 1819 “We admit, as all must admit, that the powers of the government are limited, and that its limits are not to be transcended. But we think the sound construction of the constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion, with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution, which will enable that body to perform the high duties assigned to it, in the manner most beneficial to the people. Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional. . . .”
This group would have supported the decision in the above excerpt.
What are former federalists?
Source: Cherokee Women’s Petition, 1831 “We believe the present plan of the General Government to effect our removal West of the Mississippi, and thus obtain our lands for the use of the State of Georgia, to be highly oppressive, cruel and unjust. And we sincerely hope there is no consideration which can induce our citizens to forsake the land of our fathers of which they have been in possession from time immemorial, and thus compel us, against our will, to undergo the toils and difficulties of removing with our helpless families hundreds of miles to unhealthy and unproductive country. We hope therefore the committee and Council will take into deep consideration our deplorable situation, and do everything in their power to avert such a state of things. And we trust by a prudent course their transactions with the General Government will enlist in our behalf the sympathies of the good people of the United States.”
This group would have supported the sentiments expressed in the excerpt.
What are leaders of rival American Indian nations
This concept was used to justify enslavement as a positive good and the natural structure of society.
What is white supremacy?
“I proceed, Gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of Insane Persons confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience! . . . I have the verbal and written testimony of many officers of this Commonwealth . . . that the occupation of prisons for the detention of lunatics and of idiots is, under all circumstances, an evil, subversive alike of good order, strict discipline, and good morals. . . .I conclude with expressing the hope that the wisdom of our Legislature may devise a remedy for the evils now attending the unfortunate pauper lunatic and idiot. . . .”
Dorothea Dix, Memorial to the Legislature of Massachusetts, 1843
The sentiments expressed by Dorothea Dix in the excerpt reflects this historical development.
What is attempts by individuals and voluntary organizations to improve society?
This most directly resulted from the enactment of the force bill.
What is an increase in sectionalism?
Source: U.S. Supreme Court, McCullouch v. Maryland, 1819 “We admit, as all must admit, that the powers of the government are limited, and that its limits are not to be transcended. But we think the sound construction of the constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion, with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution, which will enable that body to perform the high duties assigned to it, in the manner most beneficial to the people. Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are constitutional. . . .”
The ruling in the excerpt shows this tendency of the Supreme Court in 1800-1830.
What is:
Favoring national power over states’ rights
This factor most directly contributed to an increase in land sales in the 1830s.
(Show Map)
What is the over-cultivation of land in the East?
This question refers to the following excerpt.
“Every one acquainted with southern slaves knows that the slave rejoices in the elevation and prosperity of his master; and the heart of no one is more gladdened at the successful debut of young master or miss on the great theatre of the world than that of either the young slave who has grown up with them and shared in all their sports, and even partaken of all their delicacies—or the aged one who has looked on and watched them from birth to manhood, with the kindness and most affectionate solicitude, and has ever met from them all the kind treatment and generous sympathies of feeling, tender hearts.”
Thomas Dew, president of the College of William and Mary, 1832
The beliefs expressed in this passage can be understood as coinciding with this sentiment.
What is slavery was a part of the Southern way of life?
“I proceed, Gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of Insane Persons confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience! . . . I have the verbal and written testimony of many officers of this Commonwealth . . . that the occupation of
prisons for the detention of lunatics and of idiots is, under all circumstances, an evil, subversive alike of good order, strict discipline, and good morals. . . .I conclude with expressing the hope that the wisdom of our Legislature may devise a remedy for the evils now attending the unfortunate pauper lunatic and idiot. . . .”
Dorothea Dix, Memorial to the Legislature of Massachusetts, 1843
This antebellum era historical development most directly contributed to efforts such as those described in the excerpt.
What is the Second Great Awakening?
Source: The Force Bill, 1833 “Be it enacted that whenever, by reason of unlawful obstructions, combinations, or assemblages of persons, it shall become impracticable . . . to execute the revenue laws, and collect the duties on imports in the ordinary way, in any collection district, . . .it shall and may be lawful for the President of the United States . . . to employ . . . land or naval forces, or militia of the United States, as may be deemed necessary for the purpose of preventing the removal of such vessel or cargo, and protecting the officers of the customs in retaining the custody thereof. . . . [T]he President shall be, and hereby is, authorized, promptly to employ such means to suppress the same, and to . . . cause the said laws or process to be duly executed. . . .”
The controversy created by the use of the force bill demonstrated this debate in the US.
What are federalism and states’ rights?
Source: U.S. Supreme Court, McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819
“We admit, as all must admit, that the powers of the government are limited, and that its limits are not to be
transcended. But we think the sound construction of the constitution must allow to the national legislature that
discretion, with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution, which will
enable that body to perform the high duties assigned to it, in the manner most beneficial to the people. Let the
end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are
plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution, are
constitutional. . . .”
This source would best serve as evidence for which of the following debates in the early republic:
1. The extension of slavery into the territories
2. Efforts to limit immigration from Europe
3. Loose vs. strict interpretation of the Constitution
D. Government support of industrialization
What is the loose vs. strict interpretation of the Constitution?
Source: Cherokee Women’s Petition, 1831 “We believe the present plan of the General Government to effect our removal West of the Mississippi, and thus obtain our lands for the use of the State of Georgia, to be highly oppressive, cruel and unjust. And we sincerely hope there is no consideration which can induce our citizens to forsake the land of our fathers of which they have been in possession from time immemorial, and thus compel us, against our will, to undergo the toils and difficulties of removing with our helpless families hundreds of miles to unhealthy and unproductive country. We hope therefore the committee and Council will take into deep consideration our deplorable situation, and do everything in their power to avert such a state of things. And we trust by a prudent course their transactions with the General Government will enlist in our behalf the sympathies of the good people of the United States.”
This historical development contributed to the concerns expressed in the above source:
What is ...?
Federal efforts to relocate American Indian settlements.
OR
The expansion of frontier settlements.
OR
Attempts by American Indians to retain control of tribal lands and natural resources.
2. This question refers to the following excerpt.
“This momentous question like a fire-bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at
once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment. But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper. . . . But as it is, we have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go. Justice is in one scale, and self-preservation in the other.”
Thomas Jefferson, letter to John Holmes, 1820
Jefferson's letter was most likely written in response to this historical development.
What is the Missouri Compromise?
Source: Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Transcendentalist,” 1842
“What is popularly called Transcendentalism among us, is Idealism; Idealism as it appears in 1842. As thinkers, mankind have ever divided into two sects, Materialists and Idealists; the first class founding on experience, the second on consciousness; the first class beginning to think from the data of the senses, the second class perceive that the senses are not final, and say, the senses give us representations of things, but what are the things themselves, they cannot tell. The materialist insists on facts, on history, on the force of circumstances, and the animal wants of man; the idealist on the power of Thought and of Will, on inspiration, on miracle, on individual culture.”
This contributed to the rise of ideas reflected in the passage during the period 1830 to 1848.
What is the influence of European Romanticism?
This is Andrew Jackson's shoe size.
What is a size 7?
“Although, among the enumerated powers of government, we do not find the word 'bank' or 'incorporation,' we find the great powers to lay and collect taxes; to borrow money; to regulate commerce; to declare and conduct a war; and to raise and support armies and navies. . . . [A] government, intrusted with such ample powers . . . must also be instructed with ample means for their execution. . . . We are unanimously of opinion, that the law passed by the legislature of Maryland, imposing a tax on the Bank of the United States, is unconstitutional and void.”
Chief Justice John Marshall, McCullough v. Maryland, 1819
The ideas expressed in the excerpt most clearly reflect debates over this.
What is the relationship between the federal government and state governments?
The map most strongly supports this argument about the first half of the nineteenth century?
1. Property qualifications for voting were a major incentive to land settlement north of the Ohio River.
2. Federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations were largely successful.
3. Plans such as Henry Clay's “American System” were of limited value in developing the nation's economy.
4. The market revolution meant that slavery had a limited future west of the Mississippi River.
What is Federal efforts to control and relocate American Indian populations were largely successful.
“Every one acquainted with southern slaves knows that the slave rejoices in the elevation and prosperity of his master; and the heart of no one is more gladdened at the successful debut of young master or miss on the great theatre of the world than that of either the young slave who has grown up with them and shared in all their sports, and even partaken of all their delicacies—or the aged one who has looked on and watched them from birth to manhood, with the kindness and most affectionate solicitude, and has ever met from them all the kind treatment and generous sympathies of feeling, tender hearts.”
Thomas Dew, president of the College of William and Mary, 1832
By the 1850s, sentiments such as those expressed in the excerpt most clearly formed the basis for this argument.
What is slavery as a positive social good?
“I proceed, Gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of Insane Persons confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience! . . . I have the verbal and written testimony of many officers of this Commonwealth . . . that the occupation of prisons for the detention of lunatics and of idiots is, under all circumstances, an evil, subversive alike of good order, strict discipline, and good morals. . . .I conclude with expressing the hope that the wisdom of our Legislature may devise a remedy for the evils now attending the unfortunate pauper lunatic and idiot. . . .”
Dorothea Dix, Memorial to the Legislature of Massachusetts, 1843
The concerns expressed by Dorothea Dix in the excerpt were most similar to those of this group.
What are progressives in the early 1900s?
Source: The Force Bill, 1833 “Be it enacted that whenever, by reason of unlawful obstructions, combinations, or assemblages of persons, it shall become impracticable . . . to execute the revenue laws, and collect the duties on imports in the ordinary way, in any collection district, . . .it shall and may be lawful for the President of the United States . . . to employ . . . land or naval forces, or militia of the United States, as may be deemed necessary for the purpose of preventing the removal of such vessel or cargo, and protecting the officers of the customs in retaining the custody thereof. . . . [T]he President shall be, and hereby is, authorized, promptly to employ such means to suppress the same, and to . . . cause the said laws or process to be duly executed. . . .
The beleifs expressed in this excerpts coincide most with this additonal document.
What are the federalists papers ?
“Although, among the enumerated powers of government, we do not find the word 'bank' or 'incorporation,' we find the great powers to lay and collect taxes; to borrow money; to regulate commerce; to declare and conduct a war; and to raise and support armies and navies. . . . [A] government, intrusted with such ample powers . . . must also be instructed with ample means for their execution. . . . We are unanimously of opinion, that the law passed by the legislature of Maryland, imposing a tax on the Bank of the United States, is unconstitutional and void.”
Chief Justice John Marshall, McCullough v. Maryland, 1819
The McCullough case and other Supreme Court rulings in the early 1800s directly contributed to this development.
What is the primacy of the courts in interpreting the Constitution?
This student activity annoys Ms. Fritz the most.
What is not turning in your DBQs?
This statement most accurately describes the situation of African Americans in the North between 1800 and 1848.
1. Most northerners supported efforts of southern slaveholders to expand slavery into the western territories.
2. Antislavery movements failed to grow in the North until after the U.S.-Mexico War ended in 1848.
3. Many Northern state governments restricted voting rights and other rights of African Americans.
4. Despite abolitionist pressure, several Northern states allowed slavery to remain legal through the 1840s.
What is Many Northern state governments restricted voting rights and other rights of African Americans.