Topic 4.2: The Rise of Political Parties (Policy Debates)& the Age of Jefferson
Why was the Election of 1800 significant?
The Election of 1800 was the first peaceful transition of power as Thomas Jefferson(a Democratic-Republican) got the presidency, following John Adams (the last Federalist president)
What was Henry Clay's proposed National System?
Henry Clay’s American System was an ambitious economic plan to create a unified, self-sufficient U.S. economy by integrating protective tariffs, a national bank, and federal funding for internal improvements
What was the Market Revolution of the early 19th century?
The Market Revolution linked northern industries with western/southern farming due to advances in agriculture, industry, and transport. This resulted in the formation of a National United Economy and transition of the US into an industrial/capitalist society, and not an agrarian society
What led to a new wave in immigration to the US from Ireland and Germany? How were these immigrants treated?
There was an increase in Irish immigrants, due to the potato famine, and German immigrants to the US. Many of these immigrants worked in the industrial sector as manufacturers could exploit them with low pay and expose them to bad working conditions and crowd them in small housing, expanding Northern Industry
What was the Panic of 1819? What was the effect of this panic?
The Panic of 1819 was the first major financial crisis in the United States, leading to widespread economic hardship and significant changes in banking and economic policy. It was categorized with many state banks closing, a lowered demand for American goods (ex. Cotton), high unemployment, and the indebted going to prison
Thomas Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican, although he had many policies that would be usually affiliated with the Federalist party. What are 3 examples of Jefferson's foreign and domestic policies?
1. He tried to lower government power, through repealing Whiskey Tax, reducing the military, and reducing the number of federal jobs
2. He did the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, overreaching executive power, though gaining crucial territory and access to the Mississippi River (the US sent troops to negotiate some of the Louisiana territory with France but Napoleon sold ALL of the Louisiana territory for 15 million)
3. He funded the Lewis and Clark expedition
What was the Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820?
Henry Clay proposed to add Missouri as a Slave State and carve out Maine as a free state, establishing a 36 30 line of latitude that set as the boundary for slave states, maintaining the balance of power between slave and free states.
What are some examples of Innovations in Transportation?
- The National Road (Cumberland Road) from Maryland to Illinois was paved and paid for by the government
- Tollhouses offered a way to gain revenue from the national road
- Steamboat: Allowed for travel up and downstream, carried a significant amount of cargo, rather than the previous need of traveling with the current, preventing boats from being sent back. Allowed trade to occur much more efficiently
- Railroad was built, linking many regions with trade and manufacturing → Federal and State govs supported railroad expansion via tax breaks, land grants, etc
- The Telegraph increased long distance communication
What is Nativism?
Nativism was the response to high immigration, against foreign immigration. Often created stereotypical ideas of Catholics(agents of the pope) and Jews(avaricious moneylenders)
What was the shift in Party Alignment that happened during the early 19th century? Define the two parties that emerged (old or new)
After the death of the Federalist Party, Democratic Republicans were the sole national party. But, post suffrage, they split into Democrats and National Republicans FACTIONS (not parties).
- National republicans wanted to expand federal power and loose constructionists (taking on Federalist POV)
- Democrats kept Dem-Rep values of strict constructionism and State’s rights
Expansion of the Supreme Court led to further questions of Federal Government Power. What were the Midnight Judges, and what effect did they have on Judicial Review?
[Bonus: what was Marbury v Madison & McCulloch v. Maryland]
The Midnight Judges were a group of federal judges appointed in the final days of President John Adams’s administration in 1801, during the lame-duck period before Thomas Jefferson took office. The appointments were made under the Judiciary Act of 1801, a Federalist-controlled law.
Marbury v. Madison: Established Judiciary Review. Marshall declared the Judiciary Act, an act that allowed Adams to pack the court with Federalist judges via the Midnight Appointments (though these appointments were rejected through the court case)
McCulloch vs. Maryland: Declared that National Law would trump State Law. This case was over a State Government taxing a National bank, which was stricken down
Question from (4.2)
How did the Hartford Convention affect the Federalist Party?
During the Hartford Convention, Federalists in New England threatened to secede over disagreement. The Federalist party ended following this convention.
What are some examples of Innovations in Industrial Technology and Agriculture?
- Eli Whitney created the Interchangeable Parts, allowing for goods to have a standard form via precise manufacturing and be easier to repair/assemble and parts can be made in bulk (Helped cause expansion of Factory System as factories could mass produce through Interchangeable parts requiring less skilled labor, and it could be shipped)
- Cotton Gin, which seeded picked cotton, which could be spun into thread via Spinning Jenny
- Power Loom mechanized weaving made cloth faster
What is Temperance?
Abstinence from alcoholic drinks or the quality of moderation or self-restraint:
What was the Election of 1824? Additionally, what was "the Corrupt Bargain"?
The Election of 1824 happened when Dem-Reps couldn’t decide on 1 candidate. Instead, 4 Dem-Rep Candidates emerged: JQA, Henry Clay, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson.
While Jackson (most popular votes) and JQA were the most popular, no candidate got a majority of electoral votes. The House of Reps decided on the president. Clay, who got the fewest votes, threw his support to JQA, leading the House of Reps to vote for him. Once JQA won, he appointed Clay as Secretary of State (in the padt Sec of State took on the next presidential term). Coined the term "Corrupt Bargain"
What was the War of 1812, and what events led up to this War?
The War of 1812 was triggered by British maritime restrictions, impressment of American sailors, arming of Native Americans, and U.S. expansionist ambitions. WarHawks were Dem-Reps in the House of Reps that wanted to declare war, while Federalists opposed the war
What was the Treaty of Ghent in 1814?
The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812, but was vague about various outcomes (no land was gained or lost)
What was Commercialized Farming?
Commercialized farming, also known as commercial agriculture or agribusiness, refers to the large-scale production of crops and livestock primarily for sale in markets rather than for personal consumption
What was the Cult of Domesticity?
The Cult of Domesticity (continuity) emerged, valuing women as homemakers in the private sphere, while men handled the public sphere. It became the ideal to have women in the home for the Middle class, which the Working class couldn’t achieve since Women, Children, and Men had to work
What was the split with the Democratic Party? What did they split into, and what were the beliefs of their parties?
- Democrats/JacksonianDemocracy led by Andrew Jackson, drawing values from old TJeff values from Dep-Reps. Wanted low fed gov power, strict int. of constitution, free trade, local state rule; they also didn’t like monopolies, tariffs, or the national bank
- Whigs, led by Clay, liked strong central government, loose constructionism, National Bank, Tariffs, Federally funded internal improvement (National System). AGAINST Immigrants and their crime (Nativism)
[Whigs were usually the compromise part w/ Henry Clay]
What was the Era of Good Feelings under President Monroe (Monroe was the 5th president)?
The Era of Good Feelings was a period in U.S. history from about 1815 to 1825. It was marked by little political opposition and high morale during the Monroe Presidency, after the war. It began immediately after the War of 1812 and the signing of the Treaty of Ghent(ended the War), when the Federalist Party collapsed, leaving the Democratic-Republican Party as the only major political force
What was the Monroe Doctrine of 1823?
The Monroe Doctrine stated that European intervention in the Western Hemisphere would be considered a direct attack on the US and met with retaliation. This was a direct challenge to European power
How did Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin contribute to an increase in demand for slavery?
Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin in 1793 significantly increased the demand for slave labor, leading to a dramatic expansion of slavery in the United States.
Question from (4.8)
What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830 under President Andrew Jackson?
Additionally, what was the Trail of Tears?
The Indian Removal Act of 1830, the Cherokees declared themselves a sovereign state, but the State of Georgia didn’t like that. Additionally, gold was discovered on Cherokee property. This led to an act to relocate Natives west of the Mississippi River into Oklahoma.
The Trail of Tears, a path of removal named for its sickness, death, and suffering, was the forcible removal of the Cherokee and other tribes
What was the Tariff of 1828?
The Tariff of 1828, known as the "Tariff of Abominations," was a high protective tariff designed to shield Northern industries by taxing imported goods up to 50%, but it provoked strong Southern opposition and contributed to the Nullification Crisis.