UNDER THOMAS JEFFERSON
What was the Louisiana Purchase (April 1803)? Why was it a minor controversial event?
→ Territory controlled by Napoleon was offered to United States for $15 million
NOTE: This purchase was controversial at the time because Thomas Jefferson was a strict constructionist, and this purchase was an example of a loose constructionist idea (Hamilton's side) because no where in the constitution did it explicitly state that President could purchase land
How was the nation divided during the War of 1812?
→ Democratic-Republican strength in the south and west overcame Federalist and anti war Dem.-Rep. Opposition to war in the north
Election of 1812 - the people were especially divided
What is the Treaty of 1818?
→ improved relations with the British (shared fishing rights of coasts, set 49th parallel as U.S./Canadian Border
(one of the most peaceful borders shared today, longest undefended border in world)
What was the Market Revolution? What are some reasons (Name at least 1) for this significant movement/change?
→ fundamental transformation of the U.S. economy through the first half of the 19th century (1800s) primarily due to:
significant population growth (more people more workers)
integration of various markets both domestic and foreign (improved transportation) - more connections
the widespread mechanization of industry
What was the Fletcher v. Peck case (1810)? What impact did it have?
→ SCOTUS rules that a state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract
→ IMPORTANT BECAUSE 1ST TIME LAW IS DECLARED UNCONSTITUTIONAL
What was the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)?
expeditions to explore newly acquired land (greater geographic and scientific knowledge of the region was gained, stronger claims to Oregon territory, and better relations with Native Americans)
What were some causes of the War of 1812?
→Free seas and trade: British continued to seize American ships, and kidnapping American soldiers
→Frontier Pressure: ambitious westerners eager to take British-controlled lands in Canada, as well as Spanish-controlled Florida
→War Hawks (1810): pro-war individuals against British (led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun)
What was the Monroe Doctrine (1823)?
→ statement from President Monroe (1817-1825) warning European powers that there would be no colonization of the Western Hemisphere:
→INCREASED ISOLATIONISM,
→REFLECTED INCREASED NATIONALISM,
→PROMOTED U.S. INVOLVEMENT IN SOUTH AMERICA
Describe how different technology was improved, what enabled it to grow, and how? (Name at least 2 pieces of technology, and explain how they lead to the drastic change in culture)
→ Roads - Cumberland Road (1811) - paved highway extending 1000 miles (helped connect major cities and allowed for quick movement of materials)
→ Canals - Erie Canal (1825) - linked western farms and eastern cities, allowing for lower prices to be set for food and closer economic ties between the east and the west
→ Steamboats (1807)
→ Railroads (1830s) - competed with Canals as shipping method, but mainly allowed for small western towns to become commercial centers
What was the Dartmouth v. Woodward case (1819)? What impact did it have?
→ involved a NH law that changed Dartmouth from a privately owned college to a public institution
→ SCOTUS declared the state law unconstitutional
→ ESTABLISHED THAT CONTRACT FOR PRIVATE CORPORATION CANNOT BE ALTERED BY A STATE
What was the Embargo Act of 1807?
→lasted till 1809 - forbid American ships from sailing to foreign ports and exporting goods to foreign countries (designed to punish Britain and France, as well as keep the U.S. out of war)
→replaced by Non-Intercourse Act (1809) - prohibited trade with France and Britain
What was the Treaty of Ghent (1814)?
→ ended the war of 1812 and restored original boundaries of the U.S. (Americans accepted this because the European wars were over and there was no more issues of kidnappings)
What was the Tariff of 1816?
→ increased tax on imports, designed to protect growing manufacturing in the North after the war from British competition
→ Example of helping the growing North, maybe dividing the people of the south from the north even more
Describe the effect of the Market Revolution on women:
→ some sought jobs in domestic or teaching (Lowell Mill Girls - young women who worked in textile mills in Massachusetts BEGINNING IN 1823)
→ important to note married women left their jobs and returned home because of legal restrictions, so ultimately, their place at the time was still in the home
What was the McCulloch v. Maryland case (1819)? What impact did it have?
→ Maryland attempts to tax the BUS
→ SCOTUS ruled that a state cannot tax a federal institution ("The power to tax is the power to destroy")
→ ONCE AGAIN DEMONSTRATES/ESTABLISHES THE POWER OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OVER STATE GOVERNMENT (where it's needed)
How did the Napoleonic Wars affect U.S. foreign policy?
→ British seizing American ships trading with France (many Americans kidnapped and forced into service)
→Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807) - few miles off the coast of VA, British warship Leopard fires on American Chesapeake (3 Americans killed)
NOTE: LEADING UP TO THE WAR OF 1812 (INDIRECT CAUSE)
What was the Hartford Convention (1814-1815)?
→just before war ended, Federalists threaten to secede from the Union (this weakened the federalist party, seen as unpatriotic)
How did President Calhoun attempt to bring the country together?
→ Calhoun's Bonus Bill: government money was used to promote the building of canals and roads
Describe the effect of the Market Revolution on the ideas of economic and social mobility:
→ economic opportunities were greater in the U.S. than Europe (though the gap between the wealthy and poor increased)
- reason for later immigration in the 1840s...
What was the Martin v. Hunter's Lease case (1816)? What impact did it have?
→ SCOTUS establishes that it has jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights
What was the Marbury V. Madison case (1803)? What precedent did it establish?
→Marshall ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the court greater power than the constitution allowed (law was declared unconstitutional)
NOTE: The power of judicial review (gives SCOTUS the power to declare a law or presidential action unconstitutional)
State at least two reasons (evidence) of how nationalism increased following the War of 1812? (SHIFT IN CULTURE)
→
What was the "Era of Good Feelings"?
→ the years during Monroe’s presidency that were marked by a spirit of nationalism, optimism, and goodwill
→ Negative Effect? : feelings of sectionalism grew
Describe the effect of the Market Revolution on slaves/slavery:
→ importation of slaves ended in 1808, but growth of cotton industry led to expansion of slavery into the west
INVENTION OF THE COTTON GIN IN 1793 GREATLY INCREASED THE DEMAND FOR SLAVES
To what extent did the Marshall Court change the United States politically and economically? (Name at least 2 ways)
→ increased the power of the Supreme Court (judicial review)
→ increased the power of the federal government relative to the states
→ established precedents for rules and guidelines pertaining to taxation, interstate trade, and corporate licensing