Bonds
Which type of bond is described as electrons transferring from one atom to another. (Ionic, Polar Covalent, or Non-polar Covalent)
Ionic
Which element has the greatest electronegativity between Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, and Fluorine?
Fluorine
What is meant by an element’s atomic radius?
Atomic radius is a measure of the size of an atom (distance from nucleus to valence shell).
Identify the family (group) that contains elements that are very reactive metals, have one valence electron, and form +1 ions.
Alkali metals (Group 1).
How many protons does Magnesium have?
12
Which type of bond is described as equally sharing electrons between atoms? (Ionic, Polar Covalent, Non-polar Covalent)
Non-polar Covalent
Compare the expected bond type between (NaCl) Sodium (EN ≈ 0.93) and Chlorine (EN ≈ 3.16). Is the bond ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolar covalent?
Ionic (EN difference ≈ 2.23)
Does atomic radius generally increase or decrease as you move down a group? Briefly explain why.
Atomic radius increases down a group due to added electron shells and increased shielding.
Which family of elements is located in Group 17 of the periodic table?
Halogens
How many protons, electrons, and neutrons does Bromine have?
35 Protons, 35 Electrons, and 45 Neutrons
What causes a covalent bond to be polar?
Unequal sharing of electrons
Compare the expected bond type between Nitrogen (EN ≈ 3.04) and Hydrogen (EN ≈ 2.20). Is the bond ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolar covalent? (NH3)
Polar Covalent (EN difference ≈ 0.84)
Place the following elements in order of increasing atomic radius and justify your ranking: O, S, Se.
Increasing atomic radius: O < S < Se (all in same group; radius increases down the group).
Explain why elements in the same group have similar chemical properties. (One or two sentences.)
Elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons, producing similar chemical behavior.
How many protons, electrons, and neutrons does Mercury have?
80 Protons, 80 Electrons, and 121 neutrons
A bond between two identical nonmetal atoms is best described as: ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolar covalent?
Nonpolar covalent
Explain how you would decide whether a bond is ionic, polar covalent, or non-polar covalent using electronegativity values. (Give a simple rule of thumb using an EN difference.)
EN difference <0.4 indicates non-polar covalent
EN difference between 0.4 - 1.7 indicates polar covalent
EN difference > 1.7 indicates ionic
Place the following elements in order of increasing atomic radius and justify your ranking: Si, P, S.
S<P<Si (all in the same period, atomic radius decreases across the period)
Name the family on the periodic table that contains Helium, Neon, and Argon.
Noble gases
Which groups are in the s block, indicating its outermost electrons are in the "s" orbital?
Alkali Metals and Alkaline Earth Metals
The bonds between metals and nonmetals are generally which type of bond?
Ionic bond (The significant electronegativity difference between metals and nonmetals facilitates the formation of ionic bonds.)
Which of the following molecules contains a non-polar covalent bond (HCl, H2O, O2, NaCl)
O2
What is the primary reason for the decrease in atomic radius across a period?
Increase in number of protons pulling electrons closer to nucleus
Which direction across a period does electronegativity generally increase: left to right or right to left?
Electronegativity increases left to right across a period.
Which group in the periodic table contains elements with the electron configuration ending in ns²np⁶? (Alkali metals, Alkaline earth metals, Titanium group, or Noble gases)
Noble gases (P-block group - elements have their outermost electrons in the p orbitals)