Periodic Table
What is the name of the rows and columns on the periodic table?
Rows = Periods
Columns = Groups/Families
What is the name of the elements that border the Zig-Zag line?
The Metalloids
What is a valence electron?
Where is the smallest element located on the periodic table?
Top right of the table.
Which element has the lower electronegativity?
Na or Mg
Na
What tells you the number of valence electrons in an element?
The last digit of the column number.
ie. 13 = 3 val e-
The most nonreactive family of the periodic table.
The Noble Gases
What is the octet rule?
All elements want to get to 8 valence electrons to become stable.
Define ionization energy.
The energy required to remove ONE electron from an atom.
Define Electronegativity.
The tendency for an atom to attract an electron from another atom.
How much does it want another electron?
What is the name of the family with 7 valence electron?
The Halogen Family
What is the name of the family that contains elements in solid, liquid, and gas phases?
The Halogen Family
Why do elements bond?
To gain/lose electrons so their valence shell has 8 and they are stable
Which atom is larger S or Po?
WHY?
Po because it has more electron shells
Across a period (left to right) electronegativity ________ (inc/dec)
Down a group electronegativity _________ (inc/dec)
Across a period electronegativity INCREASES
Down a group electronegativity DECREASES
The Periodic Table is organized based on one number. What is this number?
Atomic Number
What is the name of the family that contains the largest atom on the Periodic Table?
The Alkali Metals
Which 2 periodic families are the most reactive? WHY?
Alkali Metals and the Halogens because they are both close to having 8 valence electrons.
Which element has the higher Ionization Energy?
WHY?
Sr or Te
Te, because it is a smaller atom meaning its electrons are close to the nucleus and tightly held onto.
Takes a lot of energy to remove an electron
What is the difference between effective nuclear charge and electron shielding?
Both include taking into account the core electrons (those between the nucleus and the valence shell)
In electron shielding the core electrons act as a buffer or shield between the nucleus and the valence electrons reducing the effect or pull the nucleus has on the valence electrons themselves. Shielding increases as you go down a column.
Effective nuclear charge (Zeff) is the attraction between the nucleus and the valence electrons. Zeff increases as you go across a row or period because there is no increase in energy level, yet there are increasing numbers of protons *and* electrons, increasing the attraction between the nucleus and the electron cloud.
What does the term "Periodic" mean?
Repeating patterns
What is the name of the family that will lose 2 electrons to satisfy the octet rule? What is the charge of elements after they do this?
The Alkaline Earth Metals.
Charge = +2
Cations are always smaller than their neutral atom because of the increase in effective nuclear charge (loss of electrons, no change in protons)
Anions are always larger than their neutral atom because of the decrease in effective nuclear charge (more electrons, no change in protons)
Arrange the following in order by radii
Lithium AND its ion
Oxygen AND its ion
O Li1+ O2- Li
neutral O is smallest because of greatest effective nuclear charge
Li (cation) is next smallest because of an increase in effective nuclear charge
O2-, oxide (anion) comes next because of a decrease in effective nuclear charge
neutral Lithium is the largest because of the least effect of its effective nuclear on the valence electrons
A small atom will have a ________ (high/low) ionization energy and a _________ (high/low) electronegativity.
A small atom will have a HIGH ionization energy and a HIGH electronegativity.