Stages of Anesthesia
This life-threatening stage occurs with excessive anesthetic doses, causing complete depression of vital reflexes like respiration.
Stage 4 (Overdose)
It aims to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life for patients with advanced, incurable diseases like cancer.
Palliative surgery
Occurs when IV fluids or medications accidentally leak into the surrounding tissues instead of remaining in the vein. This can cause swelling, pain, redness, and tissue damage at the IV site.
IV Infiltration
Involves receiving blood or blood components intravenously to replace blood lost or to increase low blood levels.
Blood transfusion
It has A antibodies in plasma.
Type B
The patient experiences analgesia and amnesia but remains conscious.
Stage 1 (Analgesia)
Refers to surgical procedures performed primarily to aid in assess a condition or disease. These exploratory operations allow direct visualization and biopsy of tissues or organs that cannot be adequately assessed through non-invasive tests alone.
Diagnostic surgery
A severe form of wound dehiscence where the contents of the abdomen, such as the intestines, protrude through the separated surgical wound. It is a medical emergency requiring immediate intervention. Sterile gauze soaked in sterile saline is placed on the incision, and the surgeon is notified immediately.
Evisceration
Universal blood recipient
AB+
It has no A or B antigens on red cells, have both A and B antibodies in plasma
Type O
The patient becomes disoriented and may experience excitement, involuntary movements, or delirium.
Stage 2 (Delirium)
It involves removing or destroying diseased or abnormal tissue.
Ablative surgery
Refers to the partial or complete separation of the layers of a surgical wound. It typically occurs within the first few days after surgery when the wound edges separate or rupture along the incision line.
Dehiscence
Universal donor
O-
It has no antibodies in plasma.
Type AB
This is the ideal stage for surgery with complete unconsciousness, muscle relaxation, and depressed reflexes.
Stage 3 (Surgical Anesthesia)
It aims to restore form and function to body parts affected by trauma, disease, or congenital defects.
Reconstructive surgery
Refers to uncontrolled bleeding that occurs inside the body. It can happen due to trauma, ruptured blood vessels, organ damage, or certain medical conditions.
Internal bleeding
It has A antigens on red cells, B antibodies in plasma.
Type A
What is the most common blood type in the USA?
O+