History of Perms
In 1905, this person created the first heat permanent waving machine
Charles Nessler
This perm wrap creates uniform curls throughout the hair
Basic Perm Wrap
These thin, absorbent papers are used to control the ends of the hair when wrapping or winding hair on the perm rods
End Papers
Perm solutions that generate heat as a result of their chemical reaction are known as __________
Exothermic
This layer of the hair is primarily affected during the perming process
The Cortex
In this decade, the first heatless chemical perm was introduced
1930s
This perm techniques involves wrapping hair along the length of the rod to create elongated curls
Spiral Perm Wrap
These rods are equal in diameter along their entire length to produce a uniform curl
Straight Rods
Perm Solutions that are activated by an outside heat source are known as __________
Endothermic
These bonds are broken and reformed to create permanent curls during a perm service
Disulfide Bonds
In the 1970s, Acid waves appeared on the market which did not contain _______________
Ammonia
In this technique, two rods are used on the same section of hair to create extra volume and tighter curls
Piggyback Wrap
These rods have a smaller diameter in the centre that increases to a larger diameter on the ends
Concave Rods
This chemical is the active ingredient in alkakine and exothermic waves
This protein found in the hair's cortex is responsible for the hair's strength and is altered during the perming process
Keratin
In 1938, Arnold F Willatt invented the first__________
This technique involves varying the size and placement of rods to create a natural looking wave pattern
Bricklay Perm Wrap
These soft foam rods have flexible wire inside that permits them to be bent into almost any shape
Benders
This perm solution should be used on porous/damaged hair
Acid Wave
The role of this chemical is to re-establish the disulfide bonds in the hair structure
Neutralizer
In the 1920s, this method of wrapping hair was created to accomodate short hair
Croquignole (overlap) method
This perm pattern uses pie shaped base sections to move with the shape of the head
Curvature/Contour Perm Wrap
These pointed tools are used during the perm process to lift and separate the hair wrapped around perm rods
Perm Picks
This perm solution has a pH of 9.0-9.6
Alkaline Waves
This hair attribute determines the processing time for a perm and can affect the outcome
Porosity