History
In 1926 the croquignole method was invented. How is the hair wrapped?
Ends to Scalp
There are 2 basic wrapping techniques, what are they?
Overlap and Spiral
What is applied to break the disulfide bonds?
Processing (waving) lotion
What product controls the hair ends when wrapping?
End papers
To remove all chemicals after the hair has been neutralized, the hair needs to be _____
Rinsed
When was the first cold wave invented?
1938
A rectangle pattern is also known as a _______
9-block
What is the pH of neturalizer?
2.5 to 7
The comb that parts off sections of the hair.
Tail Comb
Before beginning any perm, you must __________ based on clients needs.
Visualize an end result
Who was the first person to have a real breakthrough with heat perm waving machines?
Charles Nessler
End perming creates which kind of look?
Creates contrasting textures, resulting in a natural-looking finish.
What perm causers minimal swelling and must be wrapped with firm, even tension?
Acid
This determines the size and shape of the new curl configuration.
Perm Rod
Hair characteristics to assess in a pre-perm analysis are porosity, elasticity, texture, and ____
Density
Ralph Evans and Everett McDonough introduced a heatless technique of perming in 1931. What replaced electricity?
Bisulfides
Base perming is commonly done for 2 reasons. What is 1 of them?
To create lift and volume for added fullness and support or to add texture to new hair growth in order to match
Alkaline perms carry a pH of:
8.0-9.5
Protective piece that lays around the clients hairline
Cotton strip
Normal dry hair is capable of being stretched to what percent of its length?
20%
Acid waves appeared on the market in the early 1970's. What did they contain?
Thioglycolic derivative called glyceryl monothioglycolate.
Zonal perms involve adding texture in certain areas of the head. What would adding texture to the interior do?
Elongate the form and create height.
When performing an alkaline wave on a client, thioglycolic acid is joined with what ingredient to shorten the processing time?
Ammonium Hydroxide
The tool used to control and distribute hair to be wrapped within a section.
Styling Comb
What product could be applied to equalize porosity?
Pre-wrap product