Perspectives 1
Many people who have been diagnosed with major depressive disorder find their symptoms are reduced when they take a medication that alters their serotonin or norepinephrine levels. Their outcome supports which of the following approaches to depression?
A. Cognitive
B. Psychodynamic
C. Biological
D. Behavioral
Biological
The notion that human behavior is greatly influenced by unconscious thoughts and desires is most consistent with which of the following psychological approaches?
A. Cognitive
B. Biological
C. Behavioral
D. Psychodynamic
Psychodynamic
Which theoretical perspective in psychology attempts to characterize the way in which humans store and process sensory information?
A. Behavioral
B. Psychodynamic
C. Evolutionary
D. Cognitive
Cognitive
The result of the evolutionary process that preserves traits that enhance the adaptation of an organism and suppresses traits that do not is called which of the following?
A. Habituation
B. Accommodation
C. Natural selection
D. Eugenics
Natural Selection
Research on human mating preferences suggests that men place greater value on physical attractiveness and youthfulness, whereas women place greater value on social status and financial resources. Which of the following psychological points of view best explains this behavior?
A. Individualistic
B. Psychoanalytic
C. Evolutionary
D. Humanistic
Evolutionary
Which of the following perspectives argues that every person has the potential to become self-actualized?
A. Humanistic
B. Gestalt
C. Cognitive
D. Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Which therapeutic technique has its origins in the humanistic perspective?
A. Unconditional positive regard
B. Free association
C. Systematic desensitization
D. Token economy
unconditional positive regard
Which of the following approaches to psychology emphasizes observable responses over inner experiences when accounting for behavior?
A. Behaviorist
B. Cognitive
C. Psychodynamic
D. Structuralist
Behaviorist
Francine’s therapist believes that her anxiety is the result of unresolved trauma from her childhood. Her therapist most likely endorses which of the following psychological perspectives?
A. Humanistic
B. Psychodynamic
C. Cognitive
D. Sociocultural
Psychodynamic
Felicia is experiencing depression. During treatment, her psychologist works to develop a therapeutic relationship with Felicia so that Felicia can explore her potential as a person. What type of treatment protocol is the psychologist using?
A. Humanistic
B. Psychodynamic
C. Behavioral
D. Cognitive
Humanistic
Rocio is continually learning new skills and gaining insights into herself. Although she is not experiencing any distress, she chooses to see a therapist. This primary emphasis on growth is most reflective of which of the following perspectives?
A. Psychodynamic
B. Behavioral
C. Evolutionary
D. Humanistic
Humanistic
Zeeshan read online that many adults have trouble with adult friendships because of unconscious feelings about childhood traumas they experienced. The belief that human behavior is the result of unconscious drives and conflicts represents which of the following theoretical perspectives?
A. Behavioral
B. Cognitive
C. Humanistic
D. Psychoanalytic
Psychoanalytic
Dr. Barak’s research focuses on how neurochemical makeup affects cognition, behavior, and emotion. Dr. Barak’s approach is most likely
A. cognitive
B. biological
C. behavioral
D. psychodynamic
biological
Which of the following perspectives suggests that depression is due to the unconscious conflicts and hostile feelings that originate in early childhood?
A. Behavioral
B. Psychodynamic
C. Cognitive
D. Sociocultural
Psychodynamic
Behavior therapists emphasize which of the following in their treatment of clients?
A. Freedom of choice about the future
B. The uncovering of unconscious defense mechanisms
C. Responses that have been reinforced in the past
D. Early childhood conflicts
Responses that have been reinforced in the past
Which of the following examples best represents a behavioral approach to treatment?
A. Marco’s psychologist helps him focus on identifying unhelpful patterns of thinking.
B. Annaleise’s psychologist has her identify a fear hierarchy of spider-related experiences to work through systematically as she practices relaxation techniques.
C. Dina’s psychologist has her think about what her ideal life would be like.
D. Lucy’s psychologist helps her relive past childhood experiences to uncover the hidden source of her anxiety.
Annaleise’s psychologist has her identify a fear hierarchy of spider-related experiences to work through systematically as she practices relaxation techniques.
Stressful situations are often explained differently by different individuals. An impending deadline at work may motivate one employee, while that same deadline would create debilitating stress for another employee.
Which psychological perspective best supports the view that stress is related to how people believe the stressor impacts their daily life?
A. Humanistic
B. Behavioral
C. Psychodynamic
D. Cognitive
Cognitive
According to evolutionary theorists, which of the following explains the tendency to quickly organize individuals into in-group and out-group categorizations?
A. The need to quickly assess the heritability of characteristics
B. The need to categorize and react to unfamiliar individuals
C. The need to negotiate within one’s own group
D. The need to communicate effectively with younger members of the group
The need to categorize and react to unfamiliar individuals
Dr. Ofori is helping a client who reports feeling overly stressed due to a heavy workload. Dr. Ofori believes an important first step is to help reframe the situation so that the client will see the workload as a challenge to be overcome rather than as an obstacle. This is most consistent with which treatment orientation?
A. Cognitive
B. Biological
C. Behavioral
D. Sociocultural
Cognitive
Of the following topics, which would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to study?
A. Conformity behavior of college students
B. Problem-solving strategies in chess
C. Personnel selection problems
D. Maturational processes in adolescent development
Problem-solving strategies in chess
A goal of cognitive therapists is to help their clients
A. understand the symbolism in their dreams
B. modify the irrational interpretations of their experiences
C. develop ego strength to resist urges from the id
D. experience a release of emotion after recalling a traumatic event
modify the irrational interpretations of their experiences
Dr. Nelson believes that the symptoms of Nellie’s schizophrenia stem from childhood trauma. However, Dr. Khan believes that excess dopamine is causing many of Nellie’s symptoms.
Which of the following psychological perspectives is each doctor using to explain Nellie’s symptoms?
A. Dr. Nelson is using a psychodynamic perspective, while Dr. Khan is using a biological perspective.
B. Dr. Nelson is using a cognitive perspective, while Dr. Khan is using an evolutionary perspective.
C. Dr. Nelson is using a behavioral perspective, while Dr. Khan is using a sociocultural perspective.
D. Dr. Nelson is using a humanistic perspective, while Dr. Khan is using a psychodynamic perspective.
Dr. Nelson is using a psychodynamic perspective, while Dr. Khan is using a biological perspective.
Every time Antonio fails a test he attributes his failure to a lack of sufficient intelligence, even though he rarely studies. According to the sociocultural theory of personality, Antonio is experiencing
A. egocentrism
B. high self-efficacy
C. an external locus of control
D. an internal locus of control
an external locus of control
The sociocultural perspective is best reflected in which of the following research findings?
A. Shortly after young children were exposed to a bacterial streptococcal infection they began displaying symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B. Brain imaging studies show higher levels of activity in the limbic system of individuals with depression when responding to negative emotional information.
C. In the United States individuals diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder switch identities upon suggestion, while in India individuals diagnosed with the same disorder switch personalities only upon awakening.
D. Individuals diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder show weaker startle responses when shown unpleasant stimuli.
In the United States individuals diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder switch identities upon suggestion, while in India individuals diagnosed with the same disorder switch personalities only upon awakening.
Humanists would most likely criticize behaviorists on the grounds that behaviorism
A. focuses too much on the drive toward self-actualization
B. is only concerned with elements of personality that develop from repressed trauma
C. overemphasizes cognitive processes involved in personality development
D. rejects free will and focuses solely on observable experiences
Rejects free will and focuses solely on observable experiences