Stress
What is the definition of stress? (3 primary components)
arousal caused by aversive stimuli
perceived as negative
feels like it is uncontrollable
Which NS is known as the "rest and digest" system?
Parasympathetic NS
What is bone and what is it made of?
A living, growing, dynamic tissue that is mostly made up of collagen and contains 99% of the body's calcium. It is considered an organ!
What is the composition of blood?
92% water, 8% solutes; Plasma, Buffy coat, hematocrit
Name of the system the body uses to regulate stress
HPA axis
The adrenal CORTEX releases ___ and the MEDULLA releases ____ (during stress response)
cortisol; epinephrine
What are osteoprogenitor cells?
type of multipotent stem cell that can differentiate into osteoblasts
What are thrombocytes and what is their function?
platelets that are involved in blood clotting
What is allostatic load?
physiological burden of cumulative stress on the biological systems that are normally involved in adaptation to environmental changes
The fight-or-flight system causes the bronchi to...
Dilate
Name the types of cells in bone tissue (Hint: osteo...)
osteogenic (into blast)
osteoblast (form bone matrix)
osteocyte (maintain bone tissue)
osteoclast (break down bone matrix)
What is the role of albumin in the blood?
Carry lipids into the blood and transports them to their target locations in the body
The Yerkes-Dodson law demonstrates that moderate stress will...
lead to peak performance
Acetylcholine (ACh)
A person has a severe Vitamin C deficiency. How does this affect bone health, and what disease could develop?
Vitamin C is crucial in creating collagen. Without sufficient vitamin C, collagen formation is impaired, which weakens connective tissues and bone, thus leading to scurvy
Albumin has ___ pockets and a ____ exterior
hydrophobic; hydrophilic
Which hormones are released by each gland in the HPA axis?
CRH, ACTH, cortisol
How can excess cortisol affect insulin activity?
increase insulin resistance and increase the risk of Type II diabetes
In Ashley's case study, what are the four principles of bioethics that should be considered when making decisions about her treatment?
Autonomy: Respecting the patient's right to make informed decisions
Beneficence: Acting in the patient's best interest
Nonmaleficence: Avoiding harm
Justice: Ensuring there is fair and equitable treatment
What is the Buffy coat comprised of?
white blood cells and platelets