Ch 6
Depression, cardiovascular disease, and cancer are all examples of this.
Noncommunicable diseases
COVID-19, malaria, and Hepatitis B are all examples of this type of disease.
Communicable diseases
Highways, skyscrapers, and public transit systems are all examples of this type of environment.
The built environment
Physicians, nurses, dentists, and pharmacists are all examples of these types of health professionals.
Clinical health professionals
This federal government program primarily funded by payroll taxes provides health insurance for Americans 65 and older.
Medicare
This federal food assistance program, formerly known as food stamps, helps low-income individuals afford groceries including fresh fruits and vegetables.
SNAP
This is the term for when early detection finds a disease but doesn't actually change the outcome for the patient.
Lead-time bias
A disease that is consistently present in a community at a low, steady rate — like Hepatitis B in certain populations — is classified as this.
Endemic
On a smoky wildfire day in San Diego County, the AQI is at a level where the general public may begin to experience health effects. This is the color and level on the AQI scale.
Red — Unhealthy
Physical therapists, medical social workers, dental assistants, and laboratory technicians are all examples of these types of health professionals.
Allied health professionals
This program provides additional federal funds to states to enhance healthcare specifically for children, and is usually administered through Medicaid.
State Child Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)
This program provides supplemental foods, healthcare referrals, and nutrition education specifically for low-income pregnant women, postpartum women, and children up to age 5.
WIC
A public health team wants to screen for a disease, but the test is painful, expensive, and most patients refuse it. What is the screening criterion that is not being met.
Screening is acceptable in terms of harms, costs, and patient acceptance
This is the term for a disease outbreak that crosses international boundaries and affects a large number of people worldwide
A pandemic
An agricultural region in Escondido where farmers have applied pesticides and fertilizers to the soil over decades is an example of this type of environment.
Altered environment
A medical school undergoes a self-study and is reviewed by an outside organization to ensure it meets national educational standards. This process is being described.
Accreditation
A low-income pregnant woman needing prenatal care would most likely be covered by this program.
Medicaid
This is the phase of human drug trials, where researchers administer a drug to a small group for the first time to study absorption, metabolism, excretion, and establish the correct dosage range.
Phase 1
A woman with no symptoms gets tested to see if she carries the BRCA gene mutation after her sister is diagnosed with breast cancer. This category of genetic testing is being used.
predicting the risk of a disease
A disease spikes far above its usual rate in San Diego County over a two-month period. Public health officials would classify this as this.
An epidemic
After a chemical spill near the San Luis Rey River, researchers assess the health risks to nearby Oceanside residents by measuring the route, timing, and quantity of exposure. This formal process is being used.
Risk assessment
This process evaluates an individual — not an institution — to verify they have the required qualifications to practice a profession, often through formal exams.
Credentialing
Unlike Medicare, this program is jointly funded by the federal government and individual states, with the federal government covering between 50% and 83% of costs depending on the state's per capita income.
Medicaid
Residual pesticides on produce and antibiotics used in livestock farming are both examples of this way that food can affect health and disease.
Contaminants
This type of genetic testing helps doctors determine how a specific patient will respond to a particular drug, allowing for more personalized treatment.
pharmacogenetic testing
___ helps reduce viral loads and lessen the ease of transmission of diseases
Antibiotic/antiviral treatment
After a pesticide spill near a Carlsbad wetland, researchers study health effects not only on nearby residents but also on fish, plants, and the surrounding ecosystem. This approach is being used.
Ecological risk assessment
A patient is referred by their family doctor to a cardiologist who specializes in heart conditions. This is an example of this level of care.
Secondary care
SCHIP gives participating states the flexibility to do these three things beyond the basic Medicaid program.
Raise the income level for Medicaid eligibility, start eligibility more rapidly, and ensure longer periods of eligibility
This is a known limitation of preclinical animal research that explains why drugs must still go through human trials before FDA approval.
Results from animal studies do not always predict how humans will respond to a drug