Systems and Systems Thinking
A framework for seeing connections and interrelationships rather than just things, and for seeing patterns rather than isolated events.
Systems Thinking
Components of ______ Include:
Networks of close-to-client primary care, organized as health districts or local area networks.
Standards, norms and guidance to ensure access and essential dimensions of quality: safety, effectiveness, integration, continuity, and people – centeredness.
Mechanisms to hold providers accountable for access and quality and to ensure consumer voice.
Healthcare Workforce
The number one cause of death in most developed countries is
Characteristics of this type of model include
Assumptions
Policy actors
Disparities in power
Currency used
Impact of governmental regulation
Micro Policymaking – The Policy Market Place Model
In this type of healthcare system, funding is provided the government through taxation, ensuring universal access to medical services.
Beveridge Model
The United Nations is an example of an
IGO
The ability of a system to recover and adapt following a disruption.
Resilience
This Building Block Includes
A national monitoring and evaluation plan.
Arrangements to make information accessible to all involved, including communities, civil society, health professionals and politicians.
Health Information Systems
This level of care measure is focused on immunizations, safety mandates, and education
Primary (preventative) Measures
The most important attribute of reformed national healthcare systems is projected to be
Sustainability
Originating in Germany, the model involves multiple, competing insurance funds that are financed jointly by employers and employees. Healthcare providers are private, and individuals can choose their insurance plan.
Bismarck Model
True or False
IGO's are uniform in function, membership criteria, and goals.
The notion that systems evolve from the bottom up – from simple to complex.
Hierarchy
This building block includes the following elements
Marketing authorization and safety monitoring
National lists of essential products
An effective supply and distribution system
Medical Technology
Developing policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts
Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services.
Investigate and diagnose health hazards within communities.
Assuring a competent and reliable healthcare workforce
Are all functions of ________________
Public Health
Characteristics of the policy systems model include all of the following EXCEPT
Social Cohesion
Cyclical processes
Interrelatedness
Complexity
Social cohesion (ethical and economic practices are not always in agreement)
This model of healthcare uses private healthcare providers but has a single-payer system. The government collects taxes to fund a national insurance program that covers all citizens.
National Health Insurance Model
Groups or institution with a social mission that act independently are
NGO's
Systems have ______ as well as ______ relationships
Functional, Structural
This building block includes the following
Ensuring that health authorities take responsibility for steering the entire health sector.
Defining, through transparent and inclusive processes, national health policies, and strategy and plan
Accountability and adaptation to evolving needs
Effective regulation through a combination of guidelines, mandates, and incentives, backed up by legal measures and enforcement mechanisms;
Leadership and Governance
The number of deaths due to a given disease per time is known as disease-specific __________.
Mortality
The following are all elements of ____________
Quality and safety standardization
Resource deployment
Innovation
Adaptability
Financing
In this model, individuals pay for healthcare services directly, without insurance or government assistance. Access to healthcare is often limited by one's ability to pay.
Out of Pocket Model
Doctors without borders is an example of a
NGO
Systems thinking demands a deeper understanding of the behavior of systems and acknowledges
The relationship between interacting components.
Measurements of a well functioning health system include the following _______, _________, _______, ________
Cost
Quality
Access
Innovation
The following are difficulties faced by public health officials regarding the collection of global health statistics
Data Accuracy
Resource Constraints
Emerging Diseases
In the context of healthcare, describe the balance between social justice and market economies
Providing fair access to healthcare for all citizens while maintaining economic stability
Name one country that operates under each model of healthcare
Beveridge - United Kingdom
Bismarck - Germany
National Health Insurance Model - Canada
Out of Pocket - Undeveloped Nations
Why is it difficult to estimate the comprehensive value of NGOs over the past 60 years?
Data, varied methods of evaluation, hard to quantify impacts on quality of life