Important years in Pharmacology
Name one landmark year (or period) when antibiotics became widely used in medicine.
1940s- due to widespread penicillin use (early mid-20th century antibiotic era)
What is the generic name for Ambien?
Zolpidem
Describe the primary mechanism by which amoxicillin acts against bacteria
Amoxicillin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding penicillin-binding proteins, leading to cell lysis.
Antihypertensive -olol
Lopressor (metoprolol)
Name one absolute contraindication to prescribing a proton pump inhibitor like Nexium
Known hypersensitivity/allergy to PPIs
What year was the FDA created? What was the act called?
1938- Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
What is the brand name for amoxicillin?
Amoxil
How does amlodipine (Norvasc) lower blood pressure?
It relaxes blood vessel muscle by blocking calcium channels, so blood vessels widen and blood pressure falls.
PPI
Nexium (omeprazole)
Identify a major contraindication for using Lopressor
Severe bradycardia or heart block (second- or third-degree) without a pacemaker; caution in decompensated heart failure and severe hypotension
What is the year that the DEA was created? What government dept. is the DEA under?
1970- Dept. of Justice
Your patient was prescribed metformin. What is the brand name and was disease would you assume the patient has?
Glucophage- Diabetes
What does furosemide (Lasix) do in the kidney?
It blocks a transporter in the loop of Henle so the kidney loses more salt and water, increasing urine output.
Bacterial infections (e.g., otitis media, sinusitis, streptococcal pharyngitis depending on susceptibility).
Amoxil
Describe a patient condition that would contraindicate using loop diuretics like Lasix.
Anuria (failure to produce urine) or severe electrolyte depletion without correction
What did the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act do?
Created a drug standard requiring each drug listed under the same name to have the same purity, quality, and strength.
What drug class is Microzide (hydrochlorothiazide)
Thiazide diuretic
How do beta‑1 blockers like metoprolol (Lopressor) help the heart?
They slow the heart rate and reduce how hard the heart pumps by blocking beta‑1 receptors, lowering oxygen use by the heart.
Antidiabetic
Metformin (Glucophage)
Name a common adverse reaction to Ambien.
Daytime drowsiness or next-day sedation
What year was the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act? What did it do?
1990- Required all OTC meds to be listed in pt chart as well as required pharmacist to counsel pt before med administration.
What class of medication is Nexium (esomeprazole)?
Proton pump inhibitor (PPI)
What does clavulanate in Augmentin do for amoxicillin?
It blocks bacterial enzymes (beta‑lactamases) that would destroy amoxicillin, so the antibiotic works against resistant bacteria.
Short-term treatment for insomnia (difficulty initiating sleep).
Ambien
List two common adverse effects of amoxicillin
Diarrhea and rash; possible allergic reactions including anaphylaxis (rare)