Starbucks or Dutch
Name the classification: a drug's usefulness in treating a specific disease or disorder
Therapeutic class
The length of time required for a medication's plasma concentration to be decreased by half post administration and takes approximately 5 doses to reach
Plasma half life
Highest safety- related warning that a medication can have, but is not an absolute contraindication, assigned by the FDA
Black Box Warning
Primarily controlled by the kidneys, this concept refers to drug removal from the body and determines medication concentration in the bloodstream as well as a drug's duration of action
Excretion
The study of drug movement through the body
Pharmacokinetics
Short and easier to remember, it is assigned by the company marketing a drug and is typically capitalized
Trade Name
Assigned using the standard nomenclature established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, it conveys a clear and concise meaning about the nature of a drug
Chemical name
Name the classification: the way a drug works at the molecular, cellular, tissue or bod systems level
Pharmacological class
Assigned by the U.S. Adopted Name Counsel, it is less complicated, easier to remember and each medication only has one
Generic name
Primarily occurring in the liver, this is the process of chemically converting a drug to a form that is (usually) more easily removed from the body
Metabolism
Affected by many factors, including lipid solubility, blood flow and the size of a drug molecule, this refers to the movement of a substance from its site of administration across body membranes to circulation
Absorption
This concept refers to decreasing the drug's active concentration upon reaching systemic circulation or the site of action and occurs primarily in the liver
First-pass effect
Particularly useful with drugs that have prolonged half lives, this method of administration allows the drugs blood equilibrium state to be reached quickly, but blood levels can fluctuate
Loading dose
Selecting a single drug from a class and comparing all others within its representative group is referred to as...
Prototype drug
Determined by blood flow, this refers to the transport of a drug throughout the body after it has been absorbed or injected
Distribution
As reflected in the cellular receptor theory, this refers to a drug's ability to produce a weaker response than an agonist (hint: may bind to one receptor while blocking or not affecting another)
Partial agonist or agonist- antagonist
Used to determine a drug's safety, it is calculated using a drugs median lethal dose (or mean toxicity dose in humans) compared to the median effective dose
Therapeutic Index
This term refers to how medication changes the body- it does not show the magnitude of response, but helps identify if a measurable response has occurred
Pharmacodynamics
The ability to produce a therapeutic effect at a lower dose compared to another drug in the same class
Potency
The magnitude of maximal response that can be produced from a particular drug
Efficacy
Name one change per pharmacokinetic concept that applies to pregnant women:
Absorption
Distribution/ Metabolism
Excretion
A: increased levels of progesterone- delay gastric emptying & ↑ tidal volume & pulmonary vasodilation, decreased gastric acidity
D/M: increased CO & plasma volume, alterations to regional blood flow
E: renal blood flow increased by over 50% in the third trimester
Name one consideration for drug administration for each age group:
Neonate
Toddler
Preschool
School age
Adolescent
Neonate- ingest entire amount, use more dev muscle for IM injection, IV access (head or feet)
Toddler- explorative (everything in mouth), resistance & independence, IM admin in vastus lateralis
Preschool- increased comprehension, cooperation and resistance
School age- increased understanding between med & feeling better
Adolescent- increased understanding/ involvement/ independence; most common need for meds: skin. HAs, menstruation, eating disorders, contraception, alcohol/tobacco use, sports related injuries
As reflected in the cellular receptor theory, this refers to a drug's ability to occupy a receptor & prevent an endogenous chemical from acting (hint: think mimic vs block)
Antagonist
Name at least three factors that will affect the older adult (65+) when taking medication and may require dose adjustments and/or extra consideration to administration
Age- related declines in live & kidney function, slower GI motility, increased body fat, polypharmacy, comorbidities/ chronic disease, cognition
As reflected in the cellular receptor theory, this refers to a drug's ability to produce the same response as an endogenous substance (hint: think mimic vs block)
Agonist