Classifications/types
What are the two classifications of drugs
therapeutic and pharmacologic
What does ADME stand for?
A. absorption, dilution, movement, elimination
b. aspiration, distribution, motion, expulsion
c. absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
C. absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Name the two main drug administration routes
Enteral - oral, NG, GT
Parenteral - via needle --> ID, SQ, IM, IV
define therapeutic range
the drug's margin of safety - difference between effective and lethal dose
aka level of med in blood stream needed for this med to work; between the peak and trough
Rank the categories of controlled substances according to their potential for abuse and toxicity lowest to highest - is I the most addictive or is IV?
I = most addictive
What are the names of the 3 types of drugs
chemical trade and generic
inhaler because it has a bigger surface area (aka more area to absorb) than the nose does
other factors of absorption: dose form, food, pH, drug interactions, disease states
What are two types of capsules you should not crush
extended release (LA) - intended to be released slowly, crushing may cause toxicity
and enteric coated - drug exposure to stomach acid may destroy med or irritate stomach mucosal lining (dissolved in small intestine not stomach)
define half life
the amount of time it takes the concentration of drug in the body to decrease by half (50%)
can be seconds, minutes, hours, days
What category puts you at a moderate risk for physical and/or psychological dependency?
III
ex anabolic steroids
Tylenol, acetaminophen
other example: Advil, ibuprofen
blood flow
ex. heart, liver, kidneys, brain
which route of administration is faster acting - sublingual or topical
sublingual
reason: topical needs to work through skin surface
the longer the half life the ___ (greater/smaller) the risk toxicity in the body
greater
What category of controlled substances (I-V) are opioids considered?
II - severe physical and psychological risk for dependency
all examples: codeine, cocaine, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, amphetamines (Adder all)
Give an example of a therapeutic drug
antidysrhythmic
others: antihypertensive
liver
decrease dose
veins - intravenous (IV)
if a drug is 100 mg/ml at 1200, and at 1400 the concentration is 50 mg/ml, what is the half life?
2 hours
Why does pregnancy increase drug absorption? Select all that apply
a. increased progesterone decreases GI motility
b. increased estrogen decreases GI motility
c. increased uterus size delays gastric emptying
d. increased estrogen increases metabolism
a and c
differences: color, shape, taste, inactive ingredients, preservatives, packaging
must be the same: mechanism, distribution, metabolism, and elimination pathways
Explain the first pass effect - would you increase or decrease the dose?
drug is completely metabolized by liver (hepatic circulation) before being distributed to general circulation and its target
increase dosage because the target wont get the full amount you gave
*note: only occurs with oral and rectal drugs, give parentally to avoid first pass effect
What is an example of one type of topical medication that is a fast acting?
Benedryl - put directly on itchy area
The concentration of a drug starts at 100 mg/ml at 1200 and is at 50 mg/ml at 1400. If the therapeutic of the drug is 70 mg/ml, is the duration of action long or short? what if the therapeutic level is 5 mg/ml?
short - the med needs to be in your blood at 70 mg/ml to be working, it will only be working for a short time (only ~1 hour)
long - would still be in its therapeutic range at 2000 (8 pm)
Pregnancy Rating: safe or unsafe during pregnancy?
Category A B C D X
A - safe (no risk to fetus)
B - safe (no risk to animal fetus, no study on human)
C - avoid, insufficient data (adverse effect on animals, no study on human)
D - avoid - known risk to human fetus (potential benefits may outweigh risk)
X - avoid - known risk of birth defects