Cell Physiology (Ch 7)
Known as the "powerhouse of the cell," this organelle produces ATP through cellular respiration.
What is the Mitochondria?
The term describing antimicrobial agents that directly kill bacteria rather than just inhibiting their growth.
What is Bactericidal ?
Patients with a known severe allergy to Penicillins are at a high risk of cross-sensitivity to this class of antibiotics.
What are Cephalosporins?
Tetracyclines are contraindicated in pregnant women and children under 8 years old due to potential damage to bone development and permanent staining of these.
What are Teeth?
An oral antiviral drug frequently prescribed within 48 hours of symptom onset to shorten the duration of Influenza A and B.
What is Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)?
The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.
What is Osmosis?
The term for drugs that stop or inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria without directly killing them.
What is Bacteriostatic?
This class of antibiotics (e.g., Ciprofloxacin) carries a Black Box Warning for increased risk of tendonitis and tendon rupture.
What are Fluoroquinolones?
Two major organ toxicities (adverse effects) associated with Aminoglycosides (e.g., Gentamicin) that require monitoring drug peak and trough levels.
What are Nephrotoxicity and Ototoxicity?
The prototypical antiviral agent used to treat Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) outbreaks.
What is Acyclovir?
Active transport mechanisms require energy in this form to move substances against their concentration gradient.
What is ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)?
A diagnostic test performed before starting broad-spectrum antibiotics to identify the specific pathogen and determine effective drugs.
What is a Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) test?
The structural ring present in penicillins and cephalosporins that is targeted and destroyed by bacterial enzymes known as penicillinases.
What is the Beta-Lactam Ring?
Patients taking Sulfonamides (e.g., TMP-SMX) should be advised to drink plenty of fluid to prevent this renal complication.
What is Crystalluria (or Kidney Stones)?
The combination therapy approach using multiple antiretroviral drug classes simultaneously to manage HIV and slow drug resistance.
What is HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy / ART)?
The process by which a cell engulfs external substances or microorganisms into a vesicle to bring them into the cell.
What is Endocytosis (or Phagocytosis)?
The mechanism where microorganisms adapt, mutate, or produce enzymes (like beta-lactamase) to survive antimicrobial drug exposure.
What is Acquired Drug Resistance?
A severe adverse reaction characterized by rapid infusion of Vancomycin causing histamine release, flushing, rash, and hypotension.
What is Red Man Syndrome (or Vancomycin Flushing Syndrome)?
Patients taking Tetracyclines must be educated to avoid direct sunlight exposure due to this heightened skin sensitivity.
What is Photosensitivity?
Antiviral therapy does not cure viral infections primarily because viruses are intracellular parasites that replicate inside this location.
What is the Host Cell?
The lipid bilayer of the cell membrane is composed primarily of these molecules, containing hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads
What are Phospholipids?
Secondary infection that occurs when broad-spectrum anti-infectives destroy normal bacterial flora (e.g., oral thrush or C. difficile colitis).
What is a Superinfection?
Fluoroquinolones should not be taken concurrently with these over-the-counter products because they bind the drug and prevent absorption.
What are Antacids (or Multivitamins / Minerals like Iron, Calcium, Aluminum, and Magnesium)?
Macrolide antibiotics like Azithromycin and Erythromycin inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to this specific cellular structure.
What is the 50S Ribosomal Subunit?
A major adverse effect of Zidovudine (AZT), an NRTI used in HIV management, requiring frequent complete blood count (CBC) monitoring.
What is Bone Marrow Suppression (Anemia / Severe Neutropenia)?