CLASS + INDICATION
Hydantoin used for tonic-clonic and psychomotor/focal seizures.
Phenytoin
What is Phenytoin's therapeutic level?
10–20 mcg/mL
Phenytoin's major adverse-effect mnemonic is "skin, liver, blood, gums, ___.
Eyes
Why is liver disease a major concern with Dantrolene?
Dantrolene can cause liver toxicity.
What does Benztropine block?
Acetylcholine
Barbiturate used for seizures and acute status epilepticus.
Phenobarbital
What is Phenobarbital's therapeutic level?
10–40 mcg/mL
Phenobarbital can cause three major decreases: decreased breathing, decreased blood pressure, and decreased heart rate. Name them.
Respiratory depression, hypotension, bradycardia
Why should Benztropine be used cautiously in a patient with urinary obstruction or an enlarged prostate?
It can worsen urinary retention.
What does Dantrolene reduce to relax skeletal muscle?
Calcium release
Succinimide most commonly used for absence seizures.
Ethosuximide
What is Ethosuximide's therapeutic level?
40–100 mcg/mL
Ethosuximide's three major adverse-effect areas are skin, blood, and mind. What are they?
SJS, pancytopenia, suicidality
Why is a hot environment dangerous for someone taking Benztropine?
Benztropine decreases sweating, making it harder for the body to cool down.
Levodopa crosses the blood-brain barrier and is converted into what?
Dopamine
Dopaminergic drug used for Parkinson's disease.
Carbidopa-Levodopa
What is Valproic acid's therapeutic level?
50–100 mcg/mL
Name four major toxicities/adverse effects of Valproic acid.
Liver toxicity, pancreatitis, thrombocytopenia, hyperammonemia, tinnitus, DRESS, or birth defects
Name three important C&C for Carbidopa-Levodopa.
Angle-closure glaucoma, cardiovascular disease, asthma, peptic ulcer, or urinary obstruction.
Morphine is an opioid agonist. What is Naloxone, and what is it used for?
Naloxone is an opioid antagonist used to reverse opioid effects/toxicity.
Name the drugs and classes:
1. Valproic acid
2. Benztropine
3. Dantrolene
4. Morphine
5. Naloxone
Name these half-lives:
What are the most alarming adverse effects you should remember for Dantrolene and Morphine?
Dantrolene → liver toxicity/hepatitis.
Morphine → respiratory depression.
Name important C&C for Valproic acid and Ethosuximide.
Valproic acid: liver/renal disease, pregnancy, relevant allergies.
Ethosuximide: allergy, intermittent porphyria, renal/hepatic disease, pregnancy/breastfeeding.
Match each mnemonic to the drug:
1. Phenytoin
2. Phenobarbital
3. Ethosuximide
4. Benztropine
5. Dantrolene