Population Variability
Signal Transduction is also known as:
Second Messenger Pathways
If you have a low (narrow) therapeutic index, what does this mean?
Low margin of safety = chemo agents
*Safe agents ~10
What is it called when a patient has an acute tolerance after continuous or repetitive administration to a drug?
Tachyphylaxis
Strengths of antagonism vary. Which one CANNOT be displaced?
Competitive, Noncompetitive
Noncompetitive (ASA)
*Competitive - Easily displaced (atropine, Esmolol)
Combined effect is greater than sum of individual effects?
Synergism
1+1 = 3 (Midazolam + Propofol)
If a percentage of a drug reaction occurred 95% of the time, which SD would it fall under?
2 SDs
1- 68%, 2 - 95%, 3 - 99.7%
When trying to determine a drug dose response, the dose per kg is calculated from what?
Predetermined avg dose
In down-regulation, the result is often called what?
Desensitization, Sensitization, Inflation, or Deflation
Desensitization (Refractoriness)
*Down-Regulation - Decrease in # of receptors - Desensitization - Drug Tolerance
Of the drug agonists, which one cannot produce a maximum response known as a "ceiling effect"?
Partial Agonist (agonist-antagonist)
Combined effect of 2 drugs acting via the same mechanism?
Addition
1+1 = 2 (Midazolam + Diazepam)
What will a1-glycoprotein & B-globulin bind to?
Basic drugs
*Albumin binds to = acidic drugs
When trying to determine the median safety margin, what formula do we use to compute this?
LD50/ED50 -- Therapeutic Index
Median effective dose (ED50)
*TI for toxic dose = TD50 / ED50
Up-regulation has an increase in number and sensitivity of receptors, due to what?
Acute use of agonist, Acute use of antagonist, Chronic use of agonist, Chronic us of antagonist
Chronic use of antagonist
A pure agonist mimics the action of:
Endogenous ligand
Action of one drug opposes the other?
Antagonism
1+1 = 0 (Fentanyl + Naloxone)
T/F: SD is the % dispersion from the median.
False - From the mean
The median effective dose compares ______ of drugs within a class.
Potency (ED50)
If a patient with a burn injury had a planned surgery. We would know that we would need MORE or LESS Vec/Roc (antagonist) to reach the desired effect?
More - there are more receptors to block
Out of the agonists and antagonists, this one has characteristics of:
Has receptor affinity & Lacks efficacy
Pure Antagonist
Drug 1 is enhanced by drug 2 with no detectable action?
Potentiation
1 + 0 = 3 (PCN + Probenecid)
If there were to be an outlier, which variability would it effect most?
Mean, Median, or Mode
Mean
*Outliers effect Mean, not median
Which curve demonstrates the frequency which a desired response is provided by dose? And what is it measured in?
Quantal Dose-Response Curve; All-or-none fashion
**Graded -- change in response as dose is increased
What is an example of disease process that could cause an up-regulated state?
Paralysis, burns, strokes
Partial Agonist is also known as: _______
Agonist-Antagonist
What helps us determine accurate drug dosing with less side effects, based on genetic determined responses to drugs?
Pharmacogenetics