Absorption
What is the fastest and slowest route of absorption?
Fastest: Intravenous
Slowest: Transdermal
What are some factors that varies in everyone when it comes to metabolism?
1. Genetics
2. Diseases
3. Medications
Most drugs are distributed via blood stream
In simple terms what is excretion and what is the primary organ of excretion?
The elimination of drugs from the body, the kidney is the primary organ.
What is Pharmacodynamics in simple terms?
Relates to mechanisms of drug action in living tissues, (what the drug does to the body)
What is Pharmacokinetics?
The study of what the body does to a drug and the movement of a drug throughout the body.
The Liver is responsible, some of his helpers are the Kidneys, Lungs, Plasma, GI Mucosa, and Skeletal Muscle.
Where in the body are drugs distributed to, to begin the process of extretion by, the process of metabolism and excretion?
Liver & Kidneys
There are two other organs involved in excretion who would these organs be?
The liver with its bile and the bowels with its stool.
What is Receptor Interaction?
the binding of a drug to a receptor to either elicit or block a response. a drug with the best fit and strongest affinity for the receptor will elicit the greatest response.
Explain Bioavalibility in simple terms.
The ability of a drug or substance to be absorbed and used by the body.
What is a drug Metabolite?
A substance produced when the body breaks down a drug, usually water soluble to be easier excreted by the kidneys. Can be "active" and able to exert pharm. activty or "inactive" which is incapable of pharm activty.
What is the most common blood protein that drugs bind to?
Albumin
Most drugs metabolized by the liver have undergone extenive transformation, most commonly becoming water soluble. Why is this?
Makes excretion by the kidneys much easier.
Is taking Insulin for blood levels a good example of Pharmacodynamics?
Yes!
-Insulin regulating blood sugar: Insulin, a hormone, interacts with insulin receptors on cells to facilitate glucose uptake from the bloodstream, thereby lowering blood sugar levels.
What routes of absorption bypass the liver and are directly absorbed into blood stream?
1. IV, IM,subq
2.Buccual/SL
3.Inhalation
4.most enemas+vaginal meds
What are enzyme inducers?
Substances that increase the metabolic activty of enzymes, these can lead to increased metabolism of drugs and other substances and decrease the pharmacological effects and action of the drug. Often occurs with repeated administration of certain drugs that stimulate the formation of new microsomal enzymes.
What are 3 barriers to distribution?
1. Blood Brain Barrier (safety net for CNS)
2. Placental Barrier (saftey net for fetus in utero)
3.Decreased albumin levels
In simplest terms explain Onset, Peak, Through, Duration.
Onset: Time it takes for drug to elicit therapeutic resonse, Peak: highest blood level , Trough: lowest blood level, Duration: time drug concentration suffient enough to elicit therapeutic response
Referring to Receptor Interactios, in simple terms describe Agonist, Antagonist, and Partial antagonist
Agonist: drug binds to a receptor, cause a response or change a body function (opiods)
Antagonist: Blocks a response/ function (Narcan)
Partial Antagonist: a type of drug that binds to a receptor but, unlike a full antagonist, only partially blocks the receptor's activity. It has some ability to activate the receptor, but not as effectively as a full agonist.
The First Pass Effect impacts bioavalibilty of a drug..When a drug is absorbed from the intestines where must it pass through first before reaching systemic circulation?
The Liver
What are enzyme inhibitors?
A substance that blocks the action of an enzyme. Many drugs can inhibit drug-metabolizing enzymes, decreases in drug metabolism that can result in accumulation of drugs and prolonagation of effects of drugs and can even lead to drug toxicity.
What are four areas where drugs are distributed first due to most blood supply?
And what are three areas of slower distribution?
1. Heart, 2. Liver, 3.Kidneys, 4. Brain
1.Muscle, 2. Skin, 3. Fat
Explain Half-Life and why its important.
Time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to 1/2 of peak level it previosuly achieved. Important for drug dosage and duration of drug effect on the body.
What is Enzyme Interaction and an example of it?
refers to the specific interactions between different enzymes, which can occur when they are present in the same cell compartment,
EX: ACE Inhibitors which inhibits vasoconstriction (since vasoconstriction does not occur neither does increase in blood pressure)