Insulin Insights
What is the only type of insulin that can be given IV?
Regular insulin.
What is the first-line oral medication for Type 2 Diabetes?
Metformin (a Biguanide).
What hormone does the anterior pituitary secrete to promote growth in children?
Growth hormone (somatotropin).
What is the prototype drug for hypothyroidism?
Levothyroxine (Synthroid).
What is the main difference between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes?
Type 1 is caused by lack of insulin production; Type 2 involves insulin resistance.
Which insulin has the fastest onset of action?
Rapid-acting insulins (Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine).
How do sulfonylureas, like glipizide, lower blood glucose?
They stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin.
What drug is used to treat growth hormone deficiency in children?
Somatropin.
When should levothyroxine be taken?
On an empty stomach, in the morning, at least 30–60 minutes before food.
What emergency condition is treated with glucagon?
Severe hypoglycemia when the patient cannot swallow.
When is NPH insulin typically administered?
Twice daily, usually before breakfast and dinner.
What major adverse effect can occur with sulfonylureas?
Hypoglycemia.
What hormone helps regulate water balance in the body by reducing urine output?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
What are signs of levothyroxine overdose or toxicity?
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism—tachycardia, anxiety, tremors, weight loss.
What is the mechanism of action of GLP-1 agonists like exenatide?
They increase insulin secretion, slow gastric emptying, and suppress glucagon release.
Why should a nurse ensure a patient eats shortly after taking rapid-acting insulin?
To prevent hypoglycemia because it begins working within 10–15 minutes.
Which oral antidiabetic improves insulin sensitivity in muscle and fat but may cause weight gain and fluid retention?
Thiazolidinediones (e.g., pioglitazone).
What synthetic form of ADH is commonly used to treat diabetes insipidus?
Desmopressin (DDAVP).
What class of drugs treats hyperthyroidism by inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis?
Thionamides (e.g., propylthiouracil, methimazole).
What class of drugs prevents breakdown of incretin hormones, enhancing insulin release?
DPP-4 inhibitors (e.g., sitagliptin).
What is the purpose of basal and bolus insulin therapy?
Basal insulin maintains steady glucose levels; bolus insulin covers meals and corrects high blood sugars.
Which oral medication increases urinary glucose excretion and can increase the risk of genital infections?
SGLT2 inhibitors (e.g., canagliflozin, dapagliflozin).
What nursing consideration is essential when administering desmopressin?
Monitor for water intoxication and hyponatremia.
What serious adverse effect can occur with methimazole or propylthiouracil?
Agranulocytosis (low white blood cell count).
What nursing teaching should be given with metformin regarding diagnostic testing?
Hold metformin 24–48 hours before and after procedures using IV contrast to prevent lactic acidosis.