Absorption, Administration
How a drug move around in the body. It has to do with how it gets into the body, how it is absorbed, metabolized, distributed, and eliminated
What is Pharmacokinetics?
Injection of a drug through the skin.
What is Parenteral?
Substances that must be ionized (or electrically-charged) and can only cross the cell membrane via a protein channel.
What are water-soluble substances?
First Pass Metabolism can be _________ using an alternative method of administration, such as intravenous, sublingual, and others.
What is "bypassed?"
Instant tolerance that may develop after the first or early ingestion of a drug, reducing the effects of the drug.
What is "Acute Tolerance"?
Information about a person's genetic make-up to help guide drugs and their doses.
What is Pharmacogenetics?
Injection of a drug into the abdominal cavity.
What is intraperitoneal?
Barrier that may be crossed during pregnancy, allowing the drug to get into the baby's blood stream.
What is the Placental Barrier?
Where water and nutrients are reabsorbed; passing through and excreted in the urine.
What are the kidneys?
Conditioned changes in behavior that compensate for the effects of a drug.
What is Behavioral Tolerance?
Gases penetrate the respiratory tract and are nearly as ________ absorbed into the blood as they are inhaled.
What is quickly?
Injection into the spinal canal or
subarachnoid space and into the CSF.
What is an Intrathecal Injection?
Liver produces enzymes that help provide “biotransformation” of drug molecules to ____________, which are then excreted from the body.
What are "metabolites?"
The amount of time it takes for ½ of the drug's blood level to be eliminated from the body.
What is the "Half-Life"?
Symptoms that typically develop following the cessation or reduction of the use of a drug; may be anywhere from unpleasant to dangerous.
What are withdrawal symptoms?
Easiest and most convenient method of getting drugs into the body, yet is the most complex due to the fact that they must typically get through the ___________.
What are oral and the digestive system?
Injection into the CSF through injection into the ventricles.
What Intracerebroventricular?
When drugs are administered orally, they must often first pass through and be transformed by the digestive system.
What is "First Pass Metabolism?"
This develops after repeated drug use when the user finds that it takes more of a drug to feel the same effect felt when first using the drug.
What is Tolerance?
In the _______ theory of substance abuse, the person takes the drug for the euphoria, etc. As these feelings wane, a craving takes over and causes the person to take the drug to feel "normal."
What is the "Wanting-Liking theory"?
Quick absorption from being dissolved in sensitive membranes.
What is sublingual?
Administration via a patch placed on the skin.
What is transdermal?
In First Pass Metabolism, drugs go to the stomach, to the small intestine, to the liver via the __________, and then are metabolized before reaching the blood stream.
What is the "(Hepatic) Portal Vein?"
Repeated exposure to abuse of drugs causes a progressive and long-lasting increase in their stimulating and positive reinforcing effects.
What is Sensitization?
The _________ can be enhanced through the anticipation and expectation the person has about what will take place from the drug/treatment.
What is the Placebo Effect?