How do drugs change brain/body function by affecting the presynaptic nervous system?
Anesthetics and paralytics affect sensory and motor neurons respectively by preventing Na+ ion channels from opening
100
In this class, we are focusing on drugs that have ___________, meaning they are chemicals that alter mental functioning.
Psychoactive drugs
100
Drugs in this class affect many neurotransmitter systems and typically increase neural firing.
Stimulants
100
Drugs this class are GABA receptor agonists and typically decrease neuron activity.
Depressants
100
Research in rats (where rats chose to self-administer cocaine rather than eat) has demonstrated that __________ can occur in many types of mammals.
Addiction
200
What are the two classes of drugs that work in the synapse?
enzyme inhibitors and reuptake inhibitors
200
Someone who has developed ____________ for a drug needs higher doses of it to get the same effect.
Tolerance
200
Drugs that are ________, like ecstasy, cause permanent damage to serotonin neurons by causing unnatural neurotransmitter release.
Neurotoxic
200
Opiates alter mood and responsiveness to _______ stimuli as receptor agonists of _______ (a natural NT).
Painful and endorphins
200
Evidence of altered brain circuits in areas such as the limbic system or basal ganglia demonstrates that drug addiction is both a ______ and ______ health problem.
Social and physical
300
What are 2 types of enzyme inhibitors?
MAO inhibitors: prevents monoamine oxidase from breaking down 5HT, DA, and NE; Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors
300
Someone who has a few glasses of wine with dinner each night is drinking for ______ use. If their drinking begins to lead to negative effects, like consistent hangovers that interfere with their schoolwork, they are drinking in a(n) _______ way.
Recreational and abusive
300
At low doses, ________ (which are agonists for the NT _________) result in decreased social inhibition; at high doses, they can cause decreased vital body functions.
Depressants and GABA
300
Most commonly abused drugs affect neurotransmitter systems by increasing the amount of NTs in the synapse; they fit into two classes: _______ and ________.
Receptor agonists (antagonists) and uptake inhibitors
300
The core paradox of addiction is that while ________ for a drug increase over time, the effect of that drug decreases over time.
Cravings
400
What neurotransmitters might reuptake inhibitors effect?
5HT or DA only (treats depression, anxiety, eating disorders), 5HT and NE (“), or 5HT and DA (stimulants: highly addictive)
400
Drug discontinuation syndrome is a type of _________ that occurs after a person has taken a drug for ________ use.
Withdrawal and therapeutic
400
Opiates can cause both decreased sensation and decreased perception, meaning they can affect both _______ neurons and _________ neurons.
Sensory and CNS
400
Psychedelics alter mood, cognition, and perception as 5HT2 receptor agonists; the reason that the effect of LSD lasts so much longer than cocaine is because the agonists remain in the synapse _________ and start a biological ________.
for a short time and cascade
400
The fact that choice-making abilities in drug addicts are compromised suggests that brain circuits are altered in the ____________.
Pre-frontal cortex
500
How might a drug change brain/body function by affecting the postsynaptic neuron?
agonists and antagonists
500
A coffee drinker who needs more coffee to wake up in the morning than she used to and gets a headache if she doesn’t drink has developed a(n) _______ and ________ for caffeine, but not a(n) ______.
Tolerance and dependence, but not addiction
500
Marijuana is a ________ (class of drugs), which are receptor agonists for _________, a neurotransmitter the body produces naturally that is involved with forgetting.
Cannabinoid and ananamide
500
The reason that caffeine wakes you up is because it’s a adenosine receptor __________ (adenosine’s natural function is to make us feel groggy).
Antagonist
500
When a post-synaptic neuron changes its “responsiveness” to a drug it decreases how many __________ it has; this process is called ______________.