Antibiotics
This class of antibiotics inhibits DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, making it effective against a broad range of bacteria.
What are fluoroquinolones?
This class of drugs blocks the slow inward calcium channel, reducing myocardial oxygen demand.
What are calcium channel blockers?
This drug is a first-line treatment for Parkinson's disease and functions by replenishing dopamine in the brain.
What is levodopa (or carbidopa-levodopa)?
This type of vertigo arises from an issue within the inner ear, such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).
What is peripheral vertigo?
A 65-year-old male presents with a shuffling gait, expressionless face, and a tremor that disappears with movement.
What is Parkinson's disease?
This antibiotic is known for causing red-man syndrome due to histamine release if infused too rapidly.
What is vancomycin?
This medication is a beta-blocker commonly used post-myocardial infarction to improve survival.
What is metoprolol?
This class of drugs can be used to treat anxiety and seizures by potentiating the effects of GABA.
What are benzodiazepines?
This maneuver is used to treat BPPV by repositioning the otoconia in the inner ear.
What is the Epley maneuver?
A 25-year-old female reports severe unilateral headaches that occur once a month and intensify with routine physical activity.
What is a migraine with or without aura?
This is the drug of choice for treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections.
What is vancomycin or linezolid?
This potassium-sparing diuretic can also be used as an aldosterone antagonist in the treatment of heart failure.
What is spironolactone?
This medication, an NMDA receptor antagonist, is used in the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease.
What is memantine?
This condition is characterized by recurrent vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural fullness.
What is Ménière's disease?
A 70-year-old who reports episodes of dizziness when rolling over in bed or looking up to reach for items on a high shelf.
What is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)?
These two antibiotics are commonly combined to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa because of their synergistic effects.
What are piperacillin and tazobactam (Zosyn)?
This drug class can be used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia by relaxing smooth muscles.
What are alpha-1 blockers?
These types of drugs inhibit acetylcholinesterase, thereby increasing levels of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junctions.
What are cholinesterase inhibitors?
This term refers to the false sense of motion or spinning, often associated with inner ear problems.
What is vertigo?
An 80-year-old patient presents with memory loss, disorientation, and difficulty with language, worsening over the past 5 years.
What is Alzheimer's dementia?
This antibiotic class is known to cause "gray baby syndrome" due to immature hepatic and renal function in neonates.
What are chloramphenicol?
This anticoagulant medication requires monitoring of the PT/INR and can be reversed with vitamin K.
What is warfarin?
This drug used in multiple sclerosis acts by trapping lymphocytes in lymph nodes, preventing them from reaching the CNS and causing damage.
What is fingolimod?
This drug class includes medications such as meclizine, which are used to manage symptoms of vertigo.
What are antihistamines?
A 55-year-old with a history of coronary artery disease presents with acute confusion, fluctuating alertness, and visual hallucinations.
What is delirium, likely due to metabolic encephalopathy or vascular dementia?