P450 Inducers
Causes the liver to increase transcription and translation of p450 enzymes to metabolize the toxic byproducts of alcohol and induces the p450 system.
Chronic Alcohol Use
A well-known substance that causes decreased activity of the P450 system leading to toxicities caused by slow metabolism of other P450 drugs
Grapefruit Juice
Manufacturer's chosen name for a drug, which is protected by a patent.
Brand (trade) name
Drugs that have no accepted medical use, have lack of accepted safely, have high abuse potentials: heroin, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA or ectasy) mescaline, & peyote
Schedule I
occurs in animals and small groups of humans
Phase 0
An anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug. Commonly used for epilepsy and trigeminal neuralgia.
Carbamazepine
A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is commonly used for gram-negative rod infections of the urinary and GI tracts. Works by interfering with topoisomerase II.
Ciprofloxacin
Groups of medications that are classified according to their effects on particular body systems their therapeutic uses, and their chemical characteristics
Drug classification
Products containing moderate amounts of controlled substances. They may be dispensed by the pharmacist without physician's prescription but with some restrictions regarding amount, record keeping, & other safeguards. Included are cough suppressants containing small amounts of codeine & antidiarrheal drugs, such as diphenoxylate & atropine (Lomotil)
Schedule V
The FDA allows the drug to be marketed and requires manufacturers to continue postmarketing monitoring and electronic report submission of the drug’s safety and effectiveness.
Phase 4
Drugs that depress the central nervous system by increasing the duration of chloride channel opening and thus decreasing neuron firing. They are commonly used for anxiety, seizure and insomnia.
Barbiturates
Decreases the synthesis of mycolic acids, which are key components of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The only agent used for monotherapy prophylaxis against TB.
Costs of drug therapy, including costs of purchasing, dispensing, storage, administration, and laboratory and other tests used to monitor patient responses; also considers losses due to expiration
Drugs that are used medically and have high abuse potentials: Opioid analgesics (codeine, hydromorphone, methadone, meperidine, morphine, oxycodone), central nervous system stimulants (cocaine, methamphetamine) and barbiturate sedative-hypnotics (phenobarbital)
Schedule II
A few doses are given to a certain number of subjects with the disease or symptom for which the drug is being studied, and responses are compared with those of healthy subjects.
Phase 2
Used mainly for treatment of active Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It acts by inhibiting the DNA dependent RNA polymerase.
Rifampin
An antiarrhythmic medication which is a potent inhibitor of a number of cytochrome P450 enzymes
Amiodarone
use to prevent, diagnose, or treat signs, symptoms, and disease processes
Pharmacotherapy
Drugs with an accepted medical use in the United States but with some potential for abuse benzodiazepines: (diazepam, lorazepam), other sedative-hypnotics (phenobarbital, chloral hydrate) & some prescription appetite suppressants (phentermine)
Schedule IV
A few doses are given to a certain number of healthy volunteers to determine safe dosages, routes of administration, absorption, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity.
Phase 1
orally administered antifungal drug for treatment of fungal infections of skin and nails. This drug interferes with microtubule function and therefore disrupts mitosis of fungal organisms
Griseofulvin
Antibiotic that is commonly used for Bordetella pertussis, Legionella pneumophilia and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to the 23s RNA of the 50s ribosomal subunit, thereby blocking translocation
Erythromycin (Macrolide)
study of how a person's genetic heritage leads to variable responses to drugs; more generally refers to generic polymorphisms that occur in a patient population, such as an ethnic group as opposed to an individual person
Pharmacogenomics
Drugs with less potenital for abuse than the schedule 1&2 but abuse of which may lead to physical dependence: Androgens and anabolic steroids, some depressants (ketamine, phenobarbital) some CNS stimulants (methylphenidate) & mixtures containing small amounts of controlled substances (codeine). These drugs & substances have an accepted medical use in the United States
Schedule III
The drug is given to different populations and different dosages and by using the drug in combination with other drugs.
Phase 3