Pull Yourself Together
Origin: Coracoid and Supraglenoid tubercle; Insertion: radial tuberosity; Action: flexes elbow.
What is the Bicep Brachii?
The tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
What are alveoli?
This valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.
What is the Tricuspid Valve?
The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood.
What is the nephron?
This cytokine is the major activator of macrophages.
What is IFN-γ?
Origin: ribs 1–8; Insertion: medial border of scapula; Action: protracts and stabilizes scapula.
What is the serratus anterior?
In the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, a right shift indicates this effect.
What is decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
Cardiac output is calculated as heart rate multiplied by this.
What is Stroke Volume?
The portion of the nephron where most water and sodium are reabsorbed.
What is the proximal tubule?
This immunoglobulin is secreted as a pentamer and efficiently activates complement.
What is IgM
These paired blocks of mesoderm along the neural tube give rise to most of the axial skeleton and skeletal muscles.
What are somites?
Characterized by a dramatic decrease in FEV1, decrease in FVC and a decrease in FEV1/FVC. Leading to air trapping in the lungs.
What is Obstructive Lung Disease?
This ion is most responsible for the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential in ventricular myocytes
What is calcium (Ca2+)?
This type of renal stone forms most commonly in acidic urine.
What is uric acid stone?
This severe immunodeficiency results from a defect in the IL-2 receptor gamma chain or adenosine deaminase deficiency.
What is severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)?
Infants develop this when they have lateral traction on the neck during delivery. Also adults when they fall on their head and shoulders.
What is Erb Palsy?
The common physical exam findings of this diagnosis are decrease breath sounds, dullness to percussion, decrease tactile fremitus and no tracheal deviation on x-ray.
What is a Pleural Effusion?
This arrhythmia is characterized by chaotic atrial electrical activity and absent P waves.
What is atrial fibrillation?
Bartter and Gitelman syndromes affect reabsorption in this part of the nephron.
What is the thick ascending loop of Henle (Bartter) and distal convoluted tubule (Gitelman)?
The rearrangement of V(D)J segments during B cell development is mediated by these two recombinase enzymes.
What are RAG1 and RAG2?
Common localized disorder of bone remodeling caused by increased osteoclastic activity followed by increased osteoblastic activity that forms poor quality bones.
Serum Ca2+, phosphorus and PTH levels are normal. Increase in ALP (alkaline phosphatase).
What is Osteitis Deformans?
A 55-year-old woman comes to the office due to a persistent cough, exertional dyspnea, and recent, unintentional weight loss.She has no chronic medical problems and takes no medication regularly. She has never smoked and has no history of exposure to industrial pollutants. She works as an accountant at a large accounting firm. Vital signs are normal. Physical examination reveals decreased breath sounds and dullness to percussion at the left lung base. Imaging studies show an irregular mass in the lower lobe of the left lung and a left pleural effusion. A diagnostic thoracocentesis is performed and the aspirated fluid is sent for cytological evaluation. If a malignancy is diagnosed, it is most likely to be which of the following types?
A. Adenocarcinoma
B. Bronchial carcinoid
C. Mesothelioma
D. Small Cell Lung Cancer
What is Adenocarcinoma
With this disease you may see calcification of the aortic root, ascending aortic arch and thoracic aorta. Leading to a "tree-bark" appearance of the aorta. This disease may result in aneurysm of ascending aorta or aortic arch.
What is Syphilitic Heart Disease?
This disease is often seen in children 2-4 weeks after being infected with group A streptococcal pharyngitis or a skin infection.
Light microscopy shows enlarged and hypercellular glomeruli. Immunofluorescence shows a granular appearance due to IgG, IgM and C3 depositions along GBM and mesangium. Electron microscopy shows Subepithelial IC humps.
What is Infection related Glomerulonephritis?
Defective NADPH oxidase leads to this condition, which is diagnosed by abnormal dihydrorhodamine or nitroblue tetrazolium testing.
What is chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)?