Week 14b
This philosopher believed that human nature was inherently bad and that we must be reshaped by society
Xunzi
Claims of how the world should operate are categorized as...
Normative Claims
John Stuart Mill proposes a form of utilitarianism that says an action is right as it conforms to a rule that leads to the greatest good is called...
Rule Utilitarianism
Plato defines justice as being the _________ of a society for the good of the whole
Harmony
The theory that one signs an agreement that is non-physical nor non-verbal to the state and must adhere to
Social Contract Theory
Bishop Joseph Butler argued against _____________ _________ stating that we have distinctions between private and public good and all our actions are centered around our desires. We are not inherently selfish.
Psychological Egoism
The imperative that "if" you want to be a professor "then" you must go to school
Hypothetical Imperative
J.S. Mill when proposing Qualitative Utilitarianism argues for the distinction between what pleasures
Lower and Higher
The punitive justice model that argues for people to be punished to prevent future crimes
Deterrence model
Saint Thomas Aquinas' model for morality in which it inheres to nature
Natural Law Theory
The Confucian philosopher that argued we are born good and must develop ourselves through the four germs.
Mencius
What is one characterization that makes Hume and Kant's beliefs of morality similar? (remember they are both modern.)
They both form secular views of morality
Competent Judge
The authority structure that holds the purpose of enforcing cooperation for the sake of the public's interest
The State
The moral theory that all is based on God's say-so
Divine Command Theory
The happiness achieved by fulfilling one's virtues
Eudaimonia
What are Kant's two Categorical Imperatives?
Universtalizability Formulation:"Act only according to that maxim (intention) whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should become a universal law"
Humanity as an End-in-itself:"Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end"
Jeremy Bentham argues that the key part of Utilitarianism is that of gauging utility through...
Principle of Utility/Greatest Happiness Principle
The distributive justice theory that most of everything must be equal
Egalitarianism
John Rawl's idea of a system which properly gives primary social goods by not looking at a given person's characteristics
Veil of Ignorance (also known as the Original Position)
Aristotle's psyche virtue that should be created through experience
Practical rationality
What was David Hume's problem between normative and descriptive moral values? What was it called?
The Fact-Value Gap/Is-Ought Gap. There are differences between fact and value. Argues that moral values are a matter of shared/universal sentiment. There is a feeling that bridges the divide between fact and value.
Define utility under both John Stuart Mill and Jeremy Bentham
Bentham: Utility is equivalent to what makes people happy. Very similar to hedonism
Mill: Not just pleasure, but instead satisfaction of informed preferences
John Rawls' principle that claims difference to be permissible as long as it benefits those who are worse off.
Principle of inequality
John Locke argued that every person had a right to Life, Liberty, and property making them...
Negative Natural Rights