The Scientific Method
These are the four steps of Popperian Falsificationism
What is first, come up with hypothesis. Then, draw out test implications of that hypothesis. Third, test hypothesis. Finally, if experiment conflicts with test implications, discard hypothesis?
Popper would say this experiment was the conclusive proof against Newtonian physics
What is the Eddington Eclipse Experiment?
This is Popper's criterion of demarcation between science and non-science
What is the criterion of falsifiability?
This is a "strawperson argument"
What is distorting your opponents position, and arguing against that distorted position?
"A black swan"
What is an observation which undermines an inductive generalization?
These are the names of the two kinds of Kuhnian Science and what they mean
What are normal science - which involves puzzle-solving, and revolutionary science - which operates during paradigm shifts after build-ups of anomalies?
Evidence for anthropogenic global warming was mediated by this discovery
What is the discovery of the ice age?
This is why Kuhn is often charged with making science irrationality.
What is the claim that theory choice in times of crisis is akin to religious or political conversions?
Or, what is he claim that paradigm shifts are discontinuous?
This is the structure of Popperian falsificationism
What is
1. If H then I
2. Not I
C. Not H ?
"Conventionalist Twist"
What is the altering/reinterpretation of a theory to save it in light of falsification?
These are the four stages of naive inductivism
1. Observe and record facts (w/o bias)
2. Analyze and classify facts (w/o bias)
3. Inductively generalize from facts
4. Test generalizations ?
This group, according to Kovaka, is crucial to understanding climate change denialism.
What are pro-science science deniers?
This is what Godfrey-Smith labels as the "strong version" of Hanson's theory
What is the theory that one's theory influences what they observe?
This is the definition of a valid argument
What is 'if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true?'
"Scientific Proof"
You can't define something that doesn't exist!
These are the four steps of the hypothetico-deductive method
What is
1. Creatively invent a hypothesis H
2. Deduce test implications from H
3. Test H
4. Evaluate H ?
These are all geological "smoking guns" for the existence of the ice age (name 2)
What are varves, erratics, moraines, and fossils?
This, according to Okruhlik, is the method we must take to maintain objectivity in science
What is increasing the amount of biases in science by improving diversity?
This is the logical structure of induction
What is
1. A1 is a B
2. A2 is a B
...
n. An is a B
C. All As are B ?
"Pessimistic Meta-Induction"
What is the theory that, since scientific theories have been wrong in the past, our current scientific theories must also be false?
These are the three criterion for sophisticated falsificationism
How does T' falsify T iff (1) T' has excess empirical content over T; (2) T' explains the previous success of T; (3) Some of the excess content of T' is corroborated?
This is the debunked theory of the sperm and egg that Okruhlik discusses
What is the Prince Charming / Sleeping Beauty model?
This is the distinction between those two kinds of science, according to Cleland
What is the overdetermination of historical science versus the underdetermination of experimental science?
This is the logical structure of Duhem's "problem of auxiliaries"
What is
1. If H & (A1 & A2 &...) then I
2. Not I
3. Not (H & (A1 & A2 &...))
C. Not H or Not A1 or Not A2 or ... ?
"The asymmetry of causation"
What is the asymmetry that localized present events overdetermine their causes and underdetermine their effects?