Definitions
The thesis that moral = prudent
Ethical Egoism
"Don't do to others what you wouldn't want done to you"
The silver rule
Everyone should look out for only themselves, since this would leave everyone better off.
The Self-Reliance Argument
Masochists who want to be spanked and whipped by strangers
The Golden Rule
The thesis that moral = socially accepted
Cultural Relativism
The thesis that moral = natural
Natural law theory
No moral claim is true, since there's no truth about matters that people disagree over.
The Argument from Disagreement.
It's wrong to let a drowning child die if you can save them at little cost to yourself
The doctrine of doing and allowing
Also, the silver rule
The thesis that moral = accepted by God
Divine Command Theory
Something that is good, and not merely for the sake of something else
Final good/value
Why is Cultural Relativism inconsistent with the idea that people from different cultures should tolerate one another?
If Cultural Relativism is true, then it would be wrong for people from intolerant societies to become tolerant.
It's OK to not cannibalize each other's corpses.
Utilitarianism
Virtue ethics
The thesis that it's wrong to harm intentionally, but OK to harm as a foreseeable side-effect
The doctrine of double effect
What is the Euthyphro Problem?
On the one hand, if God commands right actions because they're right, then actions are right independently of God's command--making Divine Command Theory is false. On the other hand, if right actions are right because God commands them, then God would be bossing us around for no good reason--making Divine Command theory is implausible.
Stealing so that people named "Nathan E. H." can have more money.
The universal law formula
The thesis that it's worse to cause harm than to allow the same amount of harm
The doctrine of doing and allowing
The Universal Law formula (state it)
Act only on that maxim which you can at the same time will to be universal law
The good life is a life spent acting rationally, since rationality is what makes humans unique.
Aristotle's function argument
It was wrong for the US to bomb Japan, even if it was for the best.
Utilitarianism