Philosophers
Who said the quote: "Being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions"?
John Locke.
What fallacy does the following argument present?
P1: If P, then Q.
P2: Q.
C: Therefore, P.
The formal fallacy of Affirming the Consequent.
What is the Harm Principle and who created it?
John Stuart Mill's harm principle states that the only justifiable reason for a society or government to interfere with the personal liberty of an individual—against their will—is to prevent harm to others.
What determines the cogency of an inductive argument?
A cogent standard form must be strong in its structure with plausible premises or merit.
The plausibility of the premises can be assessed through their individual relevance, necessity, and sufficiency.
What document was created to protect human rights?
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Who said the quote: "Natural rights is simple nonsense: natural and imprescriptible rights, rhetorical nonsense—nonsense upon stilts"?
Jeremy Bentham.
What is the name of the following deductive standard form?
P1: If A then B.
P2: If B then C.
C: If A then C.
Hypothetical Syllogism.
What is the Greatest Happiness Principle?
The Greatest Happiness Principle states that actions are morally right if they promote overall happiness and wrong if they produce the reverse of happiness.
The goal is to achieve the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people.
Explain the difference between a priori and a posteriori reasoning.
A posteriori reasoning refers to knowledge of something through experience.
A priori reasoning refers to the knowledge of something independent of experience.
List all of Ellerton's Values of Inquiry.
(There are eight.)
Clarity, Accuracy, Precision, Relevance, Significance, Depth, Breadth, and Coherence (Logic).
Which English philosopher, political economist and later a member of parliament co-founded the first women's suffrage society and supported the abolition of slavery?
John Stuart Mill.
What is the name of the following deductive standard form?
P1: All A are B.
P2: All B are C.
C: All A are C.
Categorical Syllogism.
What are Natural Rights?
Provide 3 examples of such rights according to Locke.
Natural rights are fundamental, inalienable human rights that individuals possess and exist independently of laws.
The most famous examples are the rights to life, liberty, and property (or the pursuit of happiness).
For Jeremy Bentham, the primary difference is that legal rights are real, enforceable entitlements created by human governments, whereas "moral rights" (often conflated with natural rights) are an illusion.
List one type of fallacy each from the following categories:
1) Fallacy of Relevance
2) Fallacy of Presumption
3) Fallacy of Scope
Fallacies of Relevance: Ad Hominem, Ad Misericordiam, Ad Populum, Non Sequitur, Red Herring, Equivocation
Fallacies of Presumption: Slippery Slope, Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc, Black and White Thinking, Beg the Question, Appeal to Ignorance
Fallacies of Scope: Hasty Generalisation, Faulty Analogy, Cherry Picking
Which of the philosophers from the IA3 assessment source sheet utilised utilitarian reasoning when discussing human rights?
Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.
What fallacy does the following argument present?
P1: If students do not wear the school uniform, then they will start dressing up as dinosaurs.
P2: If they dress as dinosaurs, then no one will take the school seriously.
P3: If no one takes the school seriously, then the school will become underfunded and close down and before we know it the Australian education system itself will collapse entirely causing nationwide panic and disarray, where amidst the chaos emus will take over Australia's government and then the emus will resurrect dinosaurs in honour of the students who caused the Emu Revolution and then the dinosaurs will eat everyone on the planet and the Earth will explode.
C: Therefore, if students do not wear the school uniform, the Earth will explode.
The informal fallacy of presumption: a Slippery Slope.
(Maybe Appeal to Ignorance as well.)
What is the difference between Bentham and Mill's Utilitarianism?
Bentham was an act utilitarian who judged each individual act, while Mill was a rule utilitarian who advocated following general moral rules.
What is the difference between a formal and informal fallacy?
A formal fallacy is a structural error in a deductive argument that makes it invalid, regardless of content.
An informal fallacy is a reasoning error due to the content or context, not the structure of the argument.
What does it mean if an argument has the fallacy of Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc?
Give an example.
It occurs when someone concludes that Event A caused Event B solely based on their chronological order, without sufficient evidence to establish a causal link.
E.g., "The rooster crows as the sun rises. Therefore, the rooster causes the sunrise."
Who said the quote: "…the general will is always in the right and always works for the public good; but it doesn’t follow that the people’s deliberations are always equally correct"?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his book, The Social Contract (1762).
What is the common name for the fallacy argumentum ad verecundiam?
Extra 100 points if you guess what type of fallacy it is and another 100 for who created the term.
Appeal to Authority (Argument from Authority).
It is an Informal Fallacy of Relevance.
Coined by John Locke in the late 17th century.
Explain Existentialism in 11 words maximum.
Must be 11 words maximum.
Define syllogism.
A syllogism is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.
The three-part argument includes: a major premise (a general rule), a minor premise (a specific fact), and a logical conclusion.
E.g.,
P1: All mammals are animals.
P2: Camels are mammals.
C: Therefore, camels are animals.
What is Damer's Code of Intellectual Conduct?
Name at least 4 principles.
(Extra 100 points if you can list at least 6.
Extra 200 if you can list at least 8.
Extra 400 points if you can list all 12.)
1) The Fallibility Principle
2) The Truth-Seeking Principle
3) The Clarity Principle
4) The Burden-of-Proof Principle
5) The Principle of Charity
6) The Structural Principle
7) The Relevance Principle
8) The Acceptability Principle
9) The Sufficiency Principle
10) The Rebuttal Principle
11) The Suspension-of-Judgement Principle
12) The Resolution Principle