Define
Ethics
Analyse
Critical Thinking
Argument
100
"Thinking about thinking" is the definition of... Development of arguments; Measure of good sense; Development of critical skills; Writing for clarity; Critical thinking
What is Critical thinking? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 1, page 2. Definition of critical thinking.
100
The purpose of explanations... Describing natural phenomena; Elucidating something in one way or another; Providing ethical justifications for actions; Providing knowledge; Providing reasons to believe claims
What is Elucidating something in one way or another? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 11, page 389. Causal explanation
100
The likely reason for having trouble identifying a conclusion in what you hear or read... There are too many rhetorical claims; There is not enough background information; The premise introduces a consideration that runs counter to common sense; The conventions of argument are not being followed; It could be that the passage is not an argument at all
What is It could be that the passage is not an argument at all? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 2, page 55. Distinguishing arguments from Window Dressing
100
This makes critical thinking critical... It requires careful and deliberate work; It is an analytic process; It requires coming up with claims, true or otherwise; It is the application of common sense to complex problems; It offers guidance about critiquing thinking
What is It offers guidance about critiquing thinking? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 1, page 2. Definition of critical thinking.
100
Two parts of an argument... Description and detail; Problem and proposal; Explanation and clarification; Definition and example; Premise and conclusion
What is Premise and conclusion? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 1, page 9. Definition of argument
200
What it means to say that a word, phrase, or sentence is ambiguous... That the word or phrase has more than one meaning; That there is a rhetorical activity being employed for the purpose of persuasion; That the word or phrase is not commonly used in conversational speech; That the word or phrase is being used out of context; That the words in a phrase are not being used according to accepted patterns
What is "That the word or phrase has more than one meaning?" Instructor Explanation: Chapter 3, page 74. Definition of ambiguous
200
An analogue is... A version of hasty generalizing where the sample is just a story; The idea that one can understand predictability and overcome its randomness; Telling personal experiences; The idea that sequences of occurrences can be predicted; A thing that has similar attributes to another thing
What is A thing that has similar attributes to another thing? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 10, page 364. Reasoning from the specific to the specific
200
The following would suggest a lack of credibility in a claim... When it is accompanied by other claims that have credibility; The claim conflicts with what we have observed; When the person presenting the claim has something to gain by our believing it; When it brings something we have not learned before; When it comes from an interested party
What is The claim conflicts with what we have observed? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 4, page 108. Does the claim conflict with our personal observations?
200
The inductive "fallacy of biased generalizing"... Being overconfident of how likely a biased sample makes a conclusion; Rushing to judgment with hasty analysis of sampled data; The result of underestimated sample size; The result of not accounting for cultural factors in choosing a sample; Another name for the fallacy of hasty generalization
What is Being overconfident of how likely a biased sample makes a conclusion? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 10, page 377. Fallacies in inductive reasoning
200
The two conditions needed for a premise to offer support for a conclusion... It is ethical and justifies an action; It provides knowledge and defines terms; It provides reasons and analyzes data; It specifies what caused something and how it works; It is true and relevant to the conclusion
What is it is true and relevant to the conclusion? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 1, page 9. Definition of argument
300
Definition of grouping ambiguity... When one arbitrarily classifies people as a group for unclear purposes; When people share an affinity that is not obvious;When it is not clear whether a word is being used to refer to a group or to the individuals within a group; When an author or speaker seeks a group to blame as a scapegoat; When labeling classifications of people with epithets
What is when it is not clear whether a word is being used to refer to a group or to the individuals within a group? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 3, page 76. Grouping ambiguity
300
The deontological ethics of Immanuel Kant define moral imperatives to prescribe actions not for the sake of some result but simply because... those actions are our moral duty; those actions are dictated by conscience; those actions will produce the greatest happiness; those actions will promote the freedom of other people; those actions will benefit everyone concerned
What is those actions will benefit everyone concerned? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 12, page 448-9. Duty theory/deontologism
300
One of the five items below is usually NOT a part of a good argumentative essay... A statement of the issue; A statement of one's position on the issue; A statement of one's authority or expertise; Arguments that support one's position on the issue; Rebuttals of arguments that support a contrary position
What is A statement of one's authority or expertise? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 3, page 88. Writing Argumentative Essays
300
In studying a sample, this is meant by the term sampling frame... A precise definition of the population and the attribute in which one is interested; The diversity of the whole population that is being studied; Some part of the population intentionally left out of the target population; Some biasing factor excluded from the target population; The size of the sample itself
What is A precise definition of the population and the attribute in which one is interested? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 10, page 352. Reasoning from the specific to the general
300
This activity is being attempted when making an argument... Arguments attempt to persuade those who listen or read them; Arguments seek to win adherents to a position; Arguments seek to refute the positions of other people; Arguments attempt to support or prove conclusions; Arguments attempt to explain difficult concepts.
What are arguments attempt to support or prove conclusions? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 1, page 8. Definition of argument
400
The purpose of the rhetorical device called a euphemism... To replace ambiguous terms with clearer ones; To hide the agenda of interested parties; To replace another term with a neutral or positive expression instead of one with negative associations; To replace vague terms with others that communicate more information; To replace other expressions with new ones that are expected to be more acceptable
What is To replace another term with a neutral or positive expression instead of one with negative associations? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 5, page 148. Definition of euphemism
400
This is distinctive about consequentialist theories of moral reasoning... That practical value should be produced from study of ethics and moral reasoning; That ethics is primarily an empirical activity; That outcomes of decisions and policies determine their moral value; That outcomes of decisions and policies determine their moral value; That punishments should always proceed from crimes
What is That outcomes of decisions and policies determine their moral value? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 12, page 446-7. Consequentialism
400
About what does a categorical claim say something... The burden of proof; A shared interest in the outcome; The orderly processes of biology; The primary documents of early philosophers; Classes of things
What is Classes of things? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 8, page 255. Categorical claims
400
This is how we accomplish the logical operation called contraposition... By changing both predicates of their obversion; By switching the places of subject and predicate terms and then replacing both of them with complementary terms; By seeking out a new noun that replaces the subjects in both of two claims; By moving both claims outside of their class into a new one that will include both; By moving the argument to a new universe of discourse
What is By switching the places of subject and predicate terms and then replacing both of them with complementary terms? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 8, page 265. Contraposition
400
Each standard form of categorical logic has its own graphic illustration known this name Overlapping regions; Block of exclusion; JoHari window; Venn diagram; Square of opposition
What is Venn diagram? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 8, page 256. Venn diagrams
500
To the overall topic of burden of proof... the purpose of the rule called affirmative/negative plausibility... Other things being equal, the burden of proof falls automatically on those supporting it affirmatively; Other things being equal, the burden of proof is shared by all parties that have a shared interest in the outcome; Other things being equal, the burden of proof rests with the parties with the most to lose; Other things being equal, the burden of proof rests with neither party automatically; Other things being equal, the first decision must be who must bear the burden of proof.
What is Other things being equal, the burden of proof falls automatically on those supporting it affirmatively? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 7, page 225. Misplacing the burden of proof
500
Aristotle wrote in the Nicomachean Ethics that ethical virtues are ... Gained by imitating worthy people; Natural-born abilities; Traits (such as wisdom, justice, courage, and temperance) that we acquire through our abilities of reason and which we practice until they become habits; Gained by concentrated study under disciplined teachers, much like coaching; Gained by specialized knowledge and study in very precisely defined subjects
What is Traits (such as wisdom, justice, courage, and temperance) that we acquire through our abilities of reason and which we practice until they become habits? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 12, page 453. Virtue ethics
500
Logical relationships between corresponding claims of standard-form categorical logic are illustrated in the graphic square of opposition. What is known about two claims when they are called contradictory claims... They never have the same truth values; One is always false in the set; They always have the same truth values; They never share the same subject term; One is always true in the set.
What is They never have the same truth values? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 8, page 262. The square of opposition
500
The meaning of the rhetorical device called a stereotype... Assumptions about all members of a group based on a single member; A thought or image about a group of people based on little or no evidence; A euphemism for opposing groups; A multiple view of an identified group of people or objects; A categorization of similar people
What is A thought or image about a group of people based on little or no evidence? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 5, page 148. Definition of stereotype.
500
The mode of persuasion that Aristotle defined as pathos refers to arguments is based on... Whether a decision is ethical; Being alert to influences in one’s thinking; The speaker’s personal attributes; The audience’s emotions; Using information and reasoning
What is the audience’s emotions? Instructor Explanation: Chapter 2, page 48. Definition of pathos
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