PHILOSOPHY, SCIENCE AND
RELIGION,
RELIGION,
The Greeks used this word for both philosophy and science because they saw them as one way to search for knowledge.
What is Episteme?
This branch of philosophy studies whether reasoning is correct or not, focusing only on its structure or form.
What is Logic?
This group of sciences focuses on understanding human behavior, societies, and culture.
What are human (or social) sciences?
This type of scientific statement is an assumption made to explain a phenomenon and is tested through experimentation or observation.
What is a hypothesis?
This step is where a potential explanation is proposed for a problem, and it must be testable and neutral.
What is hypothesis formulation?
This historical period marked the separation of science from philosophy, beginning with physics.
What is the Scientific Revolution?
This branch considers questions like, "What makes art beautiful?" and explores deeper meanings of artistic expression.
What is Aesthetics?
This type of science studies abstract ideas like numbers and logical structures, not the physical world.
What are formal sciences?
These are specific terms in science that must be well-defined and can be classificatory, comparative, or metric.
What are concepts?
After confirming the hypothesis with results, this final step involves drawing conclusions and forming a new theory or law.
What is obtaining results?
This form of knowledge relies on empirical evidence and experimentation to understand the natural world and its laws.
What is science?
This branch investigates how societies should be organized and what principles guide political systems.
What is Political Philosophy?
These sciences study nature and the physical world through observation and experimentation.
What are natural sciences?
This interconnected system of scientific laws forms a coherent explanation of reality, such as thermodynamics.
What is a scientific theory?
In this step, scientists propose what should happen if the hypothesis is correct.
What is deduction of consequences?
Philosophy and religion both establish these to guide human behavior, but they defend their validity in very different ways.
What are moral principles and norms?
This branch asks questions like: "What is the good life?" and defends moral rules through rational arguments.
What is Ethics?
This quality, shared by human and natural sciences, emphasizes impartiality and avoidance of bias in research.
What is objectivity?
These tools of science use analogies to explain an unknown system by comparing it to something familiar, like the mind to a computer.
What are models?
This step happens when the predicted consequences do not occur, and the hypothesis must be adjusted or rejected.
What is refutation of the hypothesis?
Unlike religion, which is based on faith and supernatural truths, philosophy insists on this approach to justify its claims.
What is rational criticism?
This branch examines how we gain knowledge, its limits, and how we can be sure something is true.
What is Epistemology (or Theory of Knowledge)?
History and psychology are debated as sciences because they often rely on these rather than mathematical models or universal laws.
What are qualitative methods or observations?
This type of scientific concept allows for the numerical measurement of an object’s properties, like length or mass.
What are metric concepts?
In this step, scientists conduct experiments or make observations to check if the expected outcomes of a hypothesis occur.
What is hypothesis testing?