Arguments
Cognitive Biases
Thinking Fast and Slow Themes
Probability Concepts
Misc.
100
A line of reasoning made up of a belief and reasons that support that belief.
What is an argument?
100
Dealing with new information or evidence in a way that is partial to your already existing beliefs
What is confirmation bias?
100
Kahneman's goal with Thinking Fast and Slow
What is to explore and identify errors of judgment and choice?
100
The numerical measure of the likelihood that an event will occur
What is probability?
100
The attempt to seriously consider one's beliefs, and revise them if necessary (i.e. by lessening your degree of confidence in a belief, by carefully analyzing opposing beliefs, etc.) in order to be able to successfully defend one's own beliefs and avoid being "duped" by others.
What is cognitive management/hygiene?
200
The two components of an argument
What are the premises and the conclusion?
200
The phenomenon that occurs when one only listens to arguments that they already agree with, which causes their degree of confidence in their beliefs to rise and become more extreme
What is belief polarization?
200
The cognitive system that can be easily depleted and get "lazy"
What is System 2?
200
Two events which cannot occur at the same time versus two events that have no influence on each other (and can co-occur)
What is an incompatible versus an independent event?
200
Believing something because you have evidence for doing so versus believing something because it is in your best interest to do so
What are the two kinds of reasoning (epistemic and pragmatic reasoning, respectively)?
300
The following argument is placed into what kind of form: 1. All men are mortal. 2. Socrates is a man. _____________________ C. Socrates is mortal.
What is standard form?
300
The following are 4 examples of __________? 1) the order in which one analyzes evidence 2) what we desire to be the truth 3) priming effect 4) arguing only with people who believe the same
What are irrelevant factors?
300
The cognitive system that most closely fits with the "What You See is All There Is" principle
What is System 1?
300
Bob has flipped a coin 9x and gotten heads every time. He assumes that he will get tails this time on his 10th flip because he's already gotten so many heads on previous flips. This illustrates what concept?
What is the Gambler's Fallacy?
300
Becoming slightly less confident in one or two beliefs in a series of beliefs, which likely causes one to reduce their level of confidence in other beliefs, which affects one's confidence level in other beliefs, and so on...
What is the exponential impact of doubt?
400
The two features of a strong argument
What is 1) the premises are true and 2) there is a tight, logical link between premises and conclusion
400
Bob thinks that he is a smart person. Then, he fails a math test, which seems to be something a "smart person" would not do. To avoid the uncomfortable feelings resulting from this discrepancy, Bob reasons that he is still a smart person with thoughts like ("that test was too hard for even a genius to pass"). This illustrates what concept?
What is cognitive dissonance/dissonance thinking?
400
Reasons to think Kahneman is right about his concepts not only applying to others, but to you, too that do not involve faulty inferences from a difference in means
What are introspection, systemic nature of cognitive systems 1 and 2, and evidence from studies of cognitive biases?
400
The number that probability values are either less than or equal to but never greater than
What is 1?
400
Bacon's 4 Idols of Thought
What are idols of the tribe, cave, theatre, and marketplace?
500
A conclusion statement supported by premises that is itself also used as a premise for the main conclusion.
What is an intermediary conclusion?
500
When one engages in this type of faulty reasoning, accuracy is inconsequential and secondary to a motive that guides the reasoning toward a preferred conclusion. Examples include wishful thinking, denial, and cognitive dissonance.
What is motivated reasoning?
500
Kahneman believes that most people are __________ about their beliefs
What is overconfident?
500
The emphasis some people place on coincidences may result from their failure to appreciate what concept?
What is the "likelihood of the unlikely"?
500
During a rally, a politician says that opposing the death penalty is "common sense" and "self-evident" without giving any other reasons for his belief. This illustrates what concept?
What is the Simple Truth Thesis?
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