Epistemology
Latin term for attaining knowledge through theoretical deduction rather than empirical observations.
What is a priori knowledge?
Descartes argues that the senses deceive the mind. Therefore, one cannot rely upon their senses to attain knowledge.
What is "The Sense Deception Argument?"
In the Third Noble Truth, the Buddha speaks of cravings fading away, which allows a person to have freedom from desire.
What is "the cessation of suffering?"
This term describes how a person's identity is the same and continuous over a period of time.
What is diachronic identity?
When two different bodies switch minds (the prince ad the cobbler) and they both still have their memories intact, these people would be identified by their memories.
What is the Memory Theory?
According to David Hume it is a violation to the laws of nature.
What is a miracle?
A.J. Ayer states that in order for something to be true knowledge, these three criterias must be met.
1.) you believe it is true
2.) your belief is true
3.) you are justified to believe your belief is true
Attitude denoting that a person cannot truly know anything to be true or false.
What is global skepticism?
This is an interpretation of the "A Cup of Tea" Zen story.
What is having an open and willing mind as a means to learn Zen?
This philosopher believes that personal identity and bodily identity are connected for a period of time.
Who is John Locke?
First principle of the universe and is remains eternally unknowable
What is Tao?
Hume believed that all knowledge is gained through experience
What is empiricism?
This philosopher believed that true knowledge could be attained through rational reasoning and that knowledge is equal to perception.
Who is Plato?
Descartes acknowledges that these things can, in fact, be subject to doubt.
What are memories, senses, shape, extension, movement, place, God, the Evil Demon, and the body?
This is the "middle-way" to enlightenment and peace of mind. Also, one should follow these steps -- categorized as wisdom, virtue, and concentration -- simultaneously.
What is the Eightfold Path?
This term is defined by a person's identity at a singular, specific point in time, not relating to past or future identities.
What is synchronic identity?
Believes that we have innate ideas (logic and math).
Who is Descartes?
Hume's believes that it is more probable to believe a miracle did not occur, because people lie, people can be wrong, you are being deceived, etc.
What is Hume's Argument?
Latin term which describes knowledge attained through observational and empirical means.
What is a posteriori knowledge?
Descartes argues that there is difficulty in differentiating between wakefulness and the dream state.
What is "The Dream Argument?"
In the First Noble Truth, the Buddha tells of what suffering is. Suffering includes illness, death, and not getting what one wants.
What is "the birth of suffering?"
Refers to a metaphysically sufficient criterion for identity and is defined by existing continuously throughout space and time.
What is spatiotemporal continuity?
X is the same as Y if Y is spatiotemporally continuous with X.
What is numerical?
The more evidence there is, the more probable it becomes.
What makes a belief rational?
This branch of philosophy explores what knowledge is and how one can use logos as a means to reason. Shows the difference between a true belief and simply having belief in something.
What is epistemology?
Descartes argues that a malicious deceiver may be deceiving him, and life as a whole is false.
What is "The Evil Demon Argument?"
In Taoism, this will allow people to experience and sense the Tao.
What is the power of Te?
This theory, proposed by David Hume, states that identity is composed of a soul, a self, and a substance, which must work together in order to form a personal identity.
What is bundle theory?
Part of Hume's argument is that everything in nature is constant and things in nature don't occur at random.
What is uniform experiences or uniform of nature?
Two types of knowledge: relations of idea and matters of fact.
What is Hume's Fork?