Nagel
unlike mathematics philosophy has no formal________
What is method of proof or scientific evidence?
The branch of philosophy that examines the fundamental nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter, between substance and attribute, and between potentiality and actuality. (hint: ontology is a subsection of this branch)
What is metaphysics?
He was a student of Socrates and later taught Aristotle
Who is Plato?
theory that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes.
What is determinism?
the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience
What is empiricism?
In chapter 2 Nagel says: "the most radical conclusion to draw from this would be that your mind is the only thing that exists" what is this framework called?
What is solipsism?
the study of the nature of value and valuation, and of the kinds of things that are valuable.
What is axiology?
This man revered his teacher Plato, though his philosophy eventually departed his teacher's philosophy in many important respects
Who is Aristotle?
the belief that free will and determinism are mutually compatible and that it is possible to believe in both without being logically inconsistent
What is compatibilism?
the theory that reason rather than experience is the foundation of certainty in knowledge
What is rationalism?
In chapter 3, Nagel suggests that if you accept that other people have minds, what else should you be willing to accept?
What is you should be willing to accept that things, of which people think do not have minds, in fact do?
The process of deriving valid conclusions from basic principles.
What is logic?
He said: “Cogito ergo sum”
Who is Descartes?
based upon actual observation or upon experimental data; not existing in the mind prior to or independent of experience
What is a posteriori knowledge?
the study of the nature of knowledge, justification, and the rationality of belief
What is epistemology?
Name one of the two main sources of undeserved inequality
1)Socioeconomic status--time, place, space and social environment one is born into; or 2) Biological or Physical traits--intelligence, talent, creativity etc.
Since the physical world is constantly changing, ideas are the only reliable form of reality; any of various systems of thought in which the objects of knowledge are held to be in some way dependent on the activity of mind. (hint: ideals)
What is idealism?
He borrowed from Aristotle and said that the mind is a tabula rasa at birth and it is experience that creates ideas
Who is John Locke?
existing in the mind prior to and independent of experience
Whats is a priori knowledge?
The theory that at birth the (human) mind is a "blank slate" without rules for processing data, and that data is added and rules for processing are formed solely by one's sensory experiences
What is tabula rasa?
a situation/system in which rich people are taxed more and poor people are taxed less, as a percentage of their incomes in order to decrease the impact of socioeconomic inequality
What is redistributive taxation?
This framework asserts that individuals create their own existence in their own unique way.
What is existentialism?
His work sought to unify innate ideas and sense perception into a single consciousness
Who is Kant?
a concept or item of knowledge which is said to be universal to all humanity—that is, something people are born with rather than something people have learned through experience
What is/are innate knowledge or innate ideas?
This framework asserts that no truth is knowable, or that truth is at best only probable
What is scepticism?