Epistemology
Knowledge which is independent from experience
What is a priori knowledge?
According to this framework, actions that maximise happiness and well-being and minimise unhappiness are the right actions
What is utilitarianism?
The idea that one's mind is the one thing one can be sure exists
What is solipsism?
The most prominent existentialist thinker
Who is Sartre?
the idea/framework that asserts we choose our own actions
What is Free Will?
A theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience
What is empiricism?
This philosophical framework asserts that redistributive taxation is theft and that government has no right to take people's hard-earned money
What is libertarianism?
The idea that the mind and the body are distinct and separable from one another.
What is dualism?
This framework explores the problem of human existence and centres on the lived experience of the thinking, feeling, acting individual
What is existentialism?
The idea (--ism) that all events are causally determined.
What is determinism?
Knowledge derived from experience
What is a posteriori knowledge?
According to him, morality is doing the right thing just because you know it’s the right thing--out of duty.
Who was Immanuel Kant?
The view that everything that exists is ultimately physical
What is physicalism?
A philosophy, or family of views within philosophy, expressing some form of negation towards life or towards fundamental concepts such as knowledge, existence, and the meaning of life
What is nihilism?
He argued that the right thing to do is that which we are all obliged to do all of the time--people are acting morally only if they act out of duty.
Who is Kant?
The theory of knowledge that regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge
What is rationalism?
The two sources of undeserved inequalities that are difficult to reconcile in What does it all mean? chapter 8
What are ones socioeconomic status and differences in talent/ability?
Nagel discusses this method of indirect interference in the economic lives of people as a potential method of reducing social and economic inequality
What is redistributive taxation?
According to Nagel, who suffers misfortune when someone dies?
Who are the people left behind?
The two sources of inequality Nagel discusses that do not seem inherently unfair but produce unequal results nonetheless.
What are:
1. Talent
2. Socioeconomic status
These three conditions are necessary to claim knowledge
What are 1. a belief condition; 2. a truth condition; and 3. a justification or evidence condition
According to Kant if a sinister-looking man carrying an axe knocked on your door and asked you where your best friend was, would it be morally acceptable to tell a lie?
No, Kant argued that lying is always wrong regardless of the consequences
The idea/belief that free will and determinism are mutually compatible and that it is possible to believe in both without being logically inconsistent
What is compatibilism ?
He described "knowledge" is always by someone of some thing: it is always bound by perspective, and it is never mere fact
Who is Nietzsche?
According to Nagel, who suffers misfortune when a person dies?
The person's loved ones, family and/or friends