1
Branch of philosophy that says the morality of an action is determined by consequences or outcomes
Consequentialism
Which branch of philosophy main idea is the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people
Utilitarianism
Aristotle's principle says that virtue generally exists as a balance between a deficiency and an excess.
The Golden Mean
This German philosopher is most closely associated with Deontology.
Immanuel Kant
Kant argued that people should never be treated as _______________
A means to an end
This philosopher argued that a moral action should produce the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number.
Jeremy Bentham
Aristotle used this Greek word to describe human flourishing or living a deeply fulfilled life
Eudaimonia
duty
A trolley is heading toward five people. You can pull a lever that redirects it toward one person.
A strict _______________ would pull the lever
Utilitarian
This philosopher argued that human beings possess the natural rights of life, liberty, and property.
John Locke
Deontology focuses on these rather than the consequences of an action.
Duties or moral actions
John Rawls asks people to design society without knowing their wealth, abilities, race, religion, social status, or other personal characteristics.
What is the Veil of Ignorance
John Stuart Mill identified this danger: a larger group could potentially justify harming or oppressing a smaller group because doing so increases the majority's happiness.
Tyranny of the Majority
Complete Aristotle's spectrum:
Cowardice → __________ → Rashness
Courage
Testing whether the rule behind your action could apply to everyone.
Universlizability
his ancient Greek philosopher is associated with Virtue Ethics.
Aristotle
During the Universal Accord, allowing one student to do this caused public trust to collapse and the tokens to become worthless
What is paying a bribe
Kant's famous moral test asks whether the rule behind your action could become a law followed by everyone.
Categorical Imperative or Universalizability
Sisyphus' punishment from the Greek gods was to spend eternity doing what?
Roll a massive boulder up a hill, over and over
Kant would say cheating fails his moral test because if everyone cheated, this would happen.
Grades, tests, and academic validation would lose their meaning because the system depends upon honesty
Instead of simply asking “What should I do?”, Virtue Ethics asks this question
What kind of person should I be
Bentham created this method in an attempt to mathematically measure the pleasure and pain produced by a decision
Hedonic Calculus
Having value in yourself rather than merely being useful to someone else.
Intrinsic Value
In the classic Trolley Problem, a strict Utilitarian pulls the lever for this reason.
Saving five lives at the cost of one produces the best overall outcome
Locke believed if a government fails to protect people's natural rights the this has been broken?
The Social Contract