Phonetics and Phonology 1
It's a type of phonetics which studies the human sound - producing possibilities, the functioning of his speech mechanism and the ways they are used in all languages to pronounce speech sounds syllables, stress and intonation.
General Phonetics
This type of English is used in the region between Birmingham and the border of Scotland and /u/ is used instead of [Ʌ] in such words as cup /kup/, love /luv/, much /mutʃ/ etc.; /e/ or /e:/ is used instead of /ei/ in such words may /me/, /mɛ:/ take /tek/, /tɛ:k/)' etc.
Northern English pronunciation
in this type of English some phonetic features of old English precisely the Northumbrian dialect of the AngloSaxon language, were preserved. Instead of RP /ае/ the vowel /а/ is used in words like bad /bad/, man /man/. Instead of RP [i] sound the vowel /ə/ is used before the combinations of two consonants: fifty /fəfti/, mister /məstə/
Scottish type of pronunciation
Respiratory system organs include....
lungs
chest muscles
windpipe
...... - is the smallest meaningless unit of a language which forms and distinguishes words and morphemes.
Phoneme
It's the types of phonetics which studies the changes a sound undergoes in the development of a language or languages by explaining the present state (synchronical) of a language and compare them.
Historical or diachronical phonetics
This type of English is spoken in New England (Maine), New Hampshire, the eastern parts of Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island. This type of pronunciation avoids retroflex /г/ in the final position of a word and before consonants as it is in RP.
The Eastern American
This English pronunciation is used in Pennsylvania, in the eastern area of Texas State, Arkansas, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida. It is is characterized by the diphthongization both long and short vowels in certain positions: egg /eig/, yes /jeis/, walk /wouk/,
The Southern type of American pronunciation
Phonatory system organs include ...
larynx
vocal cords
It's the type of phonetics studies the phonetic system of a certain language. For example: English phonetics
Descriptive phonetics
..... - the branch of phonetics that studies the linguistic function of consonant and vowel sounds, syllabic structure, word accent and prosodic features, such as pitch, loudness and tempo
Phonology
In this type of English the consonants /θ/ and /ᶞ/ are substituted by /d/ and /t/ in words like thing /tiղ)/, thought /to:t/, this /dis/, bathe /bed/. Instead o f / i/ or /i:/ the vowel /е/ is used in words like spirit /'speret/, sit /set/, he /he/, tea /te/ etc. Sometimes the final sound /d/ is omitted in words like cold /kəul/, land /la:n/, hand /ha:n/.
The Irish type of pronunciation
On the basis of its usage the following four principal varieties of English are distinguished. They are ...
Formal
General
Informal
Non-standard
Which speech organ is popularly called as Adam's apple because of its structure and position
larynx
....... - the words used to illustrate the phonological oppositions of words
Minimal pairs
This aspect of phonetics studies the voice-producing mechanism and the way in which we produce speech sounds.
Articulatory
..... is often used in the sense of regional, local or geographic varieties of a language mainly used in oral speech which has some basic differences with formal language
Dialect
in this type of English in an initial position [h] may be dropped: hause /aus/ and word accentuation and intonation are different in this type than in RP and GA. For example, auxiliary verbs, pronouns and meaningless words may be stressed and therefore they are pronounced in full;
South African
Tell the types of speech organs according to their motion and contribution in sound production
Active/ passive
movable/ fixed
It's the type of phonetics studies the phonetic features of two or more languages of different systems such as English, Russian, and Uzbek etc.
Comparative-typological phonetics
...... - phonetic variations - different pronunciations - of the same phoneme which do not change meaning.
Allophones
There are three types of English pronunciation in this country
- Educated or Cultivated
- Broad
- General
Australia
This English pronunciation is accepted as the literary pronunciation in the USA which is used by 120 million people. This type of pronunciation is known as General American (abbreviation GA). It is also called Standard American English.
The Western type of American English
Articulatory system organs include ....
lips
tongue
teeth
alveolar ridge
soft/hard palate
uvula/ pharynx/ glottis
The aspect of phonetics in which the way of hearing speech utterances is the object of the studies - .....
The Perceptual (Auditory) Aspect