General Knowledge
Smallest distinct unit of sound that changes the meaning of the word - the perceived sound
/k/
voiceless velar stop
Asian influence dialect - give at least 2 features
Consonant cluster reduction
use few consonants at the end of words (nasals)
Chinese speakers tend to drop the ends of words
Japanese speakers tend to add a vowel to the ends of words
Amplitude, frequency
loudness, pitch
complementary distribution
allophone production that is tied to a particular phonetic environment - in a phonological problem, there is a rule to when a particular allophone exists
define an allophone
variants of a phoneme that do not change the meaning of a word - what is actually said
/S/
voiced post-alveolar fricative
AAE - give at least 3 features
Reduction of word-final consonant clusters when both are voiced or both are voiceless (wished=[wɪʃ], desk=[dɛs])
Postvocalic /l/ may be deleted (less common now) (wolf=[wʊf])
Word-initial /ð/ and /θ/ may become stops /d/ and /t/ (these=[diz])
The vowel /ɛ/ may be raised to /ɪ/ before /n/ (from southern dialects) (any=[ɪnɪ])
Fricatives /θ/ and /ð/ are sometimes produced as /f/ and /v/ respectively, especially medially and finally (brother=[bɹʌvə])
waveform
time (X), amplitude (Y)
These three processes typically occur in connected speech
assimilation, elision, epenthesis, metathesis, vowel reduction *bonus points if you can describe them*
name the obstruents
[p,b,t,d,k,g,z,s,ʃ,ʒ,ð,θ,f,v,tʃ,dʒ]
/r/ - (but upside down)
voiced alveolar approximate
Spanish influenced dialect - name at least 3
Stopping (with=[wɪt], those=[doʊz])
Affrication of fricatives and glides (shoe=[tʃu], yes=[dʒɛs])
Deaffrication (chase=[ʃeɪs], just=[jʌst])
Devoicing of consonants pre and post vocalic (zoo=[su] or [z̥u])
Reduction of word-final consonant clusters (rest=[ɹɛs], won't=[won])
Epenthesis of /ə/ preceding initial /s/ and clusters (school=[əskul])
line spectrum
shows frequency (X axis) and amplitude (Y axis) at a single instance in time
word stress, sentence stress, intonation... influence beyond the individual words to sentences and utterances
Suprasegmentals
[s,z,ʃ,ʒ,tʃ,dʒ]
/j/
voiced palatal approximate
Southern dialect - name at least 3 features
Merging of /ɪ/ and /ɛ/ before a nasal (pen/pin)
The vowel /ɛ/ raises to /eɪ/ before a /g, ʃ, ʒ/ ([leɪg])
/ɔ/ is used in the pronunciation of words ending in aul, aw, all, ough, ong, og, on, augh (call=[kɔl])
The diphthong /aɪ/ is often produced as /a/ (mild=[mald])
Diphthongs /ɔɪ/ becomes just /ɔ/ before /l/ (boil=[bɔːl])
In word-final and postvocalic positions /ɹ/ is deleted (more=[mo])
Give representation of amplitude (Z), frequency(Y) and changes through time (X).
name the relationship between formants and vowels
F1: the height of the vowel is inversely related to F1
F2: the more front the vowel, the higher the F2
*bonus points to describe what a formant is and what a harmonic is*
name the sonorants
[m,n,ŋ,w,j,l,ɹ]+vowels
/w/
voiced labial-velar approximate
Eastern dialect - give 3 features
/æɹ/ may be used in place of /ɛɹ/ (carry=[kæɹi])
Instead of /æ/ before fricatives, and /n/, may use /a/ or /ɑ/ (half[haf] or [hɑf])
In Northeast and sometimes Great Lakes /ʊ/ may replace /u/ in certain words (roof=[rʊf])
Post-vocalic /ɹ/ is deleted by speakers in New England and NYC: sometimes replaced by a /ə/ (chair=[tSɛə])
Some Northeastern speakers use /ɚ/ in a word normally ending in /ə/ (idea=ideer)
wide band shows formants and has vertical lines
weak syllable deletion, Reduplication, cluster reduction, Stopping, Fronting, Gliding, Assimilation (bilabial and alveolar)