Phonemes and allophones
Phonological alternations
Morphology
Prosody & stress
Optimality Theory
100
The basic, contrastive, speech sounds of a language.
What are phonemes?
100
The different surface forms a morpheme may take.
What are allomorphs?
100
The smallest unit of language that carries meaning.
What is a morpheme?
100
This term refers to the morphological or syntactic unit that limits the application of a phonological rule.
What is the domain of the phonological rule?
100
These are hypothetical phonological SRs within OT.
What are candidates?
200
Sounds of a language that are in complementary distribution.
What are allophones of the same phoneme?
200
The component of the grammar whose output forms the input for the phonological component.
What is the morphological component?
200
An affix attaches to this form, which may include the root and one or more other affixes.
What is the base?
200
The prosodic category domain immediately above the Prosodic Word, but below the Intonational Phrase.
What is the Phonological Phrase?
200
These statements replace phonological rules within Optimality Theory, representing the forces pushing a language to avoid or enforce certain structures.
What are constraints?
300
Another term for the phonemic transcription.
What is the underlying representation/form?
300
The type of phonological rule in which the phoneme is realized as a sound that is also associated with a different phoneme in the language.
What is neutralization?
300
The morphological process exemplified by the Walbiri word kurdukurdu, meaning "children".
What is total reduplication?
300
The types of syllables that matter for a quantitative stress pattern.
What is heavy & light syllables, or syllable weight?
300
The markedness constraint that forbids any coda of a syllable.
What is NoCoda?
400
The translation into words of the following formal phonological rule:
/r/→ [-voice]/_ ]word
What is "an /r/ becomes devoiced at the end of a word"?
400
The method by which we determine whether or not a pair of rules are ordered.
What is trying the derivations with both orderings?
400
The translation in words of the formal morphological rule below:
X → unX when [adjective, "not"]
What is "prefix the morpheme un- to the base when the base is an adjective to form the meaning of 'not adjective'"?
400
The translation in words of the following formal stress rule:
σ → [+stress] / __ σ [σ, +stress] "iterative"
What is "put a (secondary) stress on every other syllable counting backwards from the (main) stressed syllable"?
400
This type of constraint governs the relationship between the phonological input and output.
What is Faithfulness?
500
The phonemic status of voiced and voiceless [i] in Mokilese, given the data below.
pi̥san “full of leaves” ki̥sa “we two”
pil “water” apid “outrigger support”
What is "a phoneme (voiced) /i/ with allophones voiced [i] and voiceless [i̥]"?
500
Bedouin Hijazi Arabic has a phonological rule by which /a/ becomes [i] in open syllables:
/katab/ → [kitab]
/samiʕ/→[simiʕ]
/rafaagah/→[rifaagah]

It also has a rule of /i/ deletion in open syllables:
/kitil/ → [ktil]
/ʕarifat/ → [ʕarfat]
/jaskinuun/ → [jasknuun]

This is the order of the two above rules.
What is /i/ deletion before /a/ becoming [i]?
500
The Zulu morpheme which turns a noun into a verb, given the data below:
umfundisi “teacher” abafundisi “teachers” fundisa “to teach”
umfundi “reader” abafundi “readers” funda “to read”
What is "-a"?
500
The TWO factors of syllable structure that affect stress placement in the following English data (stress is marked in the orthography with an acute accent (´) (Hint: consider consonant structure and vowel type):
A B C
astónish collápse amáze
éxit exíst surpríse
cáncel insíst atóne
práctice revólt combíne
What is a) complex coda and b) tense/diphthong vowels?
500
The re-ranking that is required to predict consonant deletion, given the constraint inventory below:
/tab/ NoCoda Max-IO Dep-IO
a. tab *!
b. ta *!
→c. ta.ba *
What is NoCoda >> Dep-IO >> Max-IO?
M
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