Photosynthesis
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
12H2O + 6CO2 + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
__________
Water + Carbon Dioxide + Photons from the sun → Saccharide + Oxygen + Water
Where does Cellular Respiration occur? (Each step for both Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration)
In the Mitochondria:
Aerobic Respiration: 1. Cytoplasm (Glycolysis) | 2. Intermembrane (Pyruvate Oxidation) | 3. Inner Membrane / Mitochondrial matrix (Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle) | 4. Inner mitochondrial membrane (Oxidative Phosphorylation)
Anaerobic Respiration: 1. Cytoplasm (Glycolysis + Fermentation)
Most plants are __ plants?
C3
Plants counteract global warming by ___?
Plants counteract Global warming by consuming the greenhouse gas CO2 and emitting O2 in the process of photosynthesis.
Where do the light-reactions occur?
In the Thylakoid membranes.
In what step are 6 CO2 molecules released?
Pyruvate Oxidation + Citric Acid / Krebs Cycle
What is the main difference between C4 plants and CAM plants?
C4 Plants carry out carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle in different types of cells (mesophyll and bundle-sheath). CAM plants carry out carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle in the same cell.
_________
C4 Plants have an enzyme with a high affinity for carbon dioxide that creates a carrier 4-carbon compound that is transported to bundle sheath cells to be used in the Calvin cycle. CAM plants create this same 4-C compound but instead do so by opening their stomata at night only.
Name three main light-absorbing pigments that take part in photosynthesis.
Possible answers:
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Carotenoid pigments
Xanthophyll
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
In the Stroma. (A colorless, aqueos liquid)
What are the end products of glycolysis?
2 Pyruvate, NET GAIN 2, ATP 2 NADH
Sugarcane and corn are examples of which type of plant?
C4 Plants
What are the four limiting factors of photosynthesis? + Explanation
Light Intensity
As more photons of Light hit the pigments in the chloroplast, the rate of photosynthesis increases.
Temperature
Temperature fluctuations can affect the enzymes in the many steps of Photosynthesis. As a result, Higher results can denature enzymes and block this metabolic pathway. Colder temperatures can slow down photosynthesis and cause enzymes to not function properly.
Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide is what is used in the Calvin cycle to synthesize glucose and without enough CO2 damaging photorespiration could occur. (C3 plants)
Oxygen
Too high of Oxygen concentrations can lead to photorespiration and rubisco ends up adding O2 instead of CO2 to RuBP in the Calvin Cycle.
What do the light reactions provide the Calvin Cycle?
The light reactions provide the Calvin cycle with ATP and NADPH.
How does anaerobic fermentation differ from aerobic respiration (Krebs Cycle plus ETC and chemiosmosis)?
Anaerobic fermentation regenerates NAD+ to be used for glycolysis and does not require oxygen. However, it only generates 2 ATP as a result.
In which types of plants is oxaloacetate found? What is its role? (Cellular Respiration + Photosynthesis)
Cellular Respiration
All plants, as it is a 4-C compound that acts as the basis for the Citric Acid Cycle. (Constantly being resynthesized with each cycle of the Citric Acid cycle.)
___________
Photosynthesis
C4 and CAM plants, it is a 4-C compound that holds/temporary stores the carbon needed for the carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle. (C4 and CAM) It also transfers carbon dioxide to different cells in the leaf.(C4)
How did scientists discover which reactant the product of 6O2 came from?
They used CO2 and H2O containing the “heavy” isotope of oxygen and conducted separate experiments. These experiments showed that the O2 produced from photosynthesis only contained O-18 when H2O was labeled.
What is the role of the primary electron acceptor in PII?
The primary electron acceptor in PII donates electrons to the ETC and receives electrons from a water molecule.
How does DNP affect cellular respiration?
DNP carries H+ back through the intermembrane of the mitochondrion, disrupting the concentration gradient of Hydrogen ions. H+ would be able to bypass the ATP synthase and therefore less ATP would be produced.
What is photorespiration?
Rubisco, in the Calvin cycle, attaches to O2 instead of CO2 when the level of oxygen is too high. No sugar or ATP is made and CO2 is released. This slows down the process of photosynthesis drastically, and is why C3 plants will not thrive in hot environments.
How is wine made from grapes? Explain.
Grapes contain glucose which is broken down in glycolysis. After glycolysis, yeast, in the absence of oxygen, can conduct alcohol fermentation, in which pyruvate is converted into ethanol, CO2 is released, and NAD+ is regenerated.