Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Enzymes and Energy
Electron Carriers and Gradients
Biochemical Pathways
100
What would happen if the cellular respiration was altered in any way?
The amount of ATP made would be reduced because every step in the cellular respiration affects each other and how much electrons are made, therefore affecting the amount of ATP being made.
100
What are the little openings in a plant’s leaves called?
Stomata (plural); Stoma (singular).
100
What determines the difference between an Endothermic and an Exothermic reaction?
Exothermic: Products will sit LOWER than the reactants
Endothermic: Products will sit HIGHER than the reactants
100
What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
To create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
100
What is fermentation?
A “back-up” for the cellular respiration when it doesn’t operate correctly, so it puts glycolysis to work to keep the ATP Synthase going.
200
What are the inputs and outputs for pyruvate processing?
Inputs: Pyruvate and NAD+
Outputs: Acetyl CoA, NADH, and CO2
200
What is Rubisco and what does it do?
It is the first enzyme in the Calvin cycle and it catalyzes the first step in the cycle.
200
What would happen to the production of ATP and NADPH if the photosynthesis pathway was altered?
The production of ATP and NADPH would be reduced because it's a cycle and everything plays a part in each others’ parts in the cycle.
200
What molecule serves as a temporary energy carrier during the Calvin cycle?
NADPH
200
In the photosynthesis formula, CO2 + H2O + Light Energy → Carbohydrate + O2, which atoms lose and gain electrons and which molecules reduce and oxidize?
H₂O loses electrons (oxidized) and CO₂ gains electrons (reduced)
300
What are the stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Pyruvate Processing, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, and ATP Synthase.
300
What is the input and output for PS1?
Input: H₂O
Output: O₂
300
What is NADPH’s production’s most direct energy source?
ATP
300
Which process generates the most reduced electron carriers for the ETC?
The Citric Acid Cycle
300
How does the structure of a chloroplast facilitate photosynthesis?
The thylakoid membranes provide a large surface area for light absorption and ATP synthesis.
400
What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration?
To convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP.
400
What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
Reactants: H₂O and CO₂.
Products: O₂ and Carbohydrate.
400
What is the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?
Synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the energy from the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain.
400
What is the primary role of NADH and FADH₂ in cellular respiration?
NADH and FADH₂ act as electron carriers, transporting high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain.
400
What would happen to the production of ATP and NADPH if the photosynthesis pathway was altered?
The production of ATP and NADPH would be reduced because it's a cycle and everything plays a part in each others’ parts in the cycle.
500
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
500
What is produced during the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis?
Glucose
500
Why does energy peak during the transition state?
It represents the highest energy point along the reaction rate pathway, molecules must collide with the activation energy to reach the transition state which is when a reaction is certain to occur. Collisions that have less energy than the transition state will not result in a reaction.
500
What ion is pumped in the proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis?
Hydrogen ions
500
What type of respiration is fermentation?
Anaerobic respiration
600
What are the main products of the citric acid cycle?
ATP, NADH, FADH₂, and CO₂.
600
What is produced as a byproduct of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
Oxygen is produced as a byproduct when water is split.
600
During photosynthesis, _____ energy is turned into _____ energy
Light, Chemical
600
List three molecules serve as electron carriers during cellular respiration? (It can just be their abbreviations)
1. Q
2. NADH
3. FADH2
600
What type of respiration is cellular respiration?
Aerobic Respiration
700
What are the inputs and outputs of glycolysis?
Inputs: 1 glucose molecule, 2 ATP molecules, and NAD+
Outputs: 2 pyruvate molecules, 2 NADH molecules, and 2 H₂O molecules
700
How is energy transformed in transferred during photosynthesis in order?
1. Light energy is absorbed by PSII and PSI
2. Electrons are excited to form high-energy electrons
3. An ETC uses energy from high-energy electrons to pump protons
4. Energy is transformed from a proton gradient to energy stored in ATP
5. Energy stored in ATP and NADPH is transferred to energy stored in carbohydrates.
700
What is energy described as?
The ability to do work
700
What is the last electron carrier in cellular respiration?
Oxygen
700
What two terms classify a metabolic process with oxygen and without oxygen?
Aerobic and Anerobic