Vocab
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions in an organism
Exergonic reactions & Endergonic reactions
Exergonic- Release energy *Ex. Cellular respiration*
Endergonic- Absorb energy *Ex. Photosynthesis*
What are the Calvin Cycle phases, and what does it use and produce?
Carbon Fixation
Reduction
Regeneration of RuBP
Uses NADPH, ATP, CO2. Produces a 3-C sugar: G3P
What are the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics?
1st: Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
2nd: Energy transfers increase entropy, and some energy is lost as heat.
What do NADH and FADH2 do in oxidative phosphorylation?
They carry high-energy electrons to the ETC to help make ATP.
Potential energy
Stored energy
Enzymes
Macromolecules that catalyze (speed up) reactions by lowering the activation energy
Type of protein
Not consumed by the reaction
Why is oxygen crucial for cellular respiration?
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, allowing the ETC to keep producing ATP
How is ATP Generated?
By adding a phosphate to ADP using energy from cellular respiration
Who is the best teacher in this school?
Dr. Cruz
Kinetic energy
Energy associated with motion
Optimal Conditions
The conditions (temp & pH) allowing enzymes to function optimally (at their best)
Identify the specific location within the cell or mitochondria of the four stages of cellular respiration (Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation)
Glycolysis- Cytoplasm
Pyruvate Oxidation- Mitochondrial matrix
Citric Acid Cycle- Mitochondrial matrix
Oxidative Phosphorylation- Inner mitochondrial membrane
What are the two stages of Photosynthesis?
Light Dependent Reaction, Light Independent/Calvin Cycle
What's your favorite class?
Dr. Cruz's AP Biology class
Metabolic pathways
Series of chemical reactions that either build complex molecules or break down complex molecules
Chemical energy
Potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
What is glycolysis?
The breakdown of glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules, making a small amount of ATP and NADH
What is the formula of Photosynthesis?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy —> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Where are C4 plants typically found?
In hot, sunny environments, *Ex. maize, grasses, sugarcane.
Thermal energy
Energy associated with movement of atoms/molecules
Phosphorylation
The released phosphate moves to another molecule to give energy
What does the Light-Dependent Reaction in Photosynthesis do?
A reaction that occurs in the chloroplast (thylakoid membrane), which splits H2O and releases O2, using sun energy to transfer energy to electron carriers (NADPH) and produce ATP
Which molecule is oxidized and which molecule is reduced in aerobic cellular respiration?
Glucose is oxidized. Oxygen is reduced.
Where are CAM plants typically found?
In very dry environments, *Ex. pineapple, cacti, jade.