Metabolism Basics
This is the overall process through which living systems acquire and use energy.
What is metabolism?
Three major dietary fuel classes.
What are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins?
The principal source of cellular energy.
What is ATP?
The state that occurs shortly after eating.
What is the fed (absorptive) state?
Red blood cells can use this fuel but not fatty acid
What is glucose?
The degradation of nutrients and cellular constituents.
What is catabolism?
The storage form of glucose in liver and muscle.
What is glycogen?
One kcal equals this many kilojoules.
What is 4.184 kJ?
In the fed state, the liver converts excess glucose into these molecules for storage.
What are triglycerides (triacylglycerols)?
Hormone levels rise as insulin levels fall during fasting.
What is glucagon?
The biosynthesis of biomolecules from simpler compounds.
What is anabolism?
Lipids used for fuel that consist of glycerol plus three fatty acids.
What are triacylglycerols (triglycerides)
This dietary fuel provides approximately 9 kcal per gram.
What are lipids (fats)?
During fasting, the liver acts as this for blood glucose.
What is a blood glucose buffer?
Only this many of the 20 amino acids can be synthesized by the body.
What is 11?
In a 70 kg person, approximately 85% of stored fuel is found in this tissue.
What is adipose tissue?
Proteins contain more than this many amino acids.
What is more than 100 amino acids?
This cycle is the general catabolic cycle of metabolism.
What is the TCA (Citric Acid) Cycle?
This process begins during fasting and produces glucose from lactate, amino acids, and glycerol.
What is gluconeogenesis?
The first source of glucose during the basal state before gluconeogenesis becomes dominant.
What is liver glycogen degradation (glycogenolysis)?
The body's largest energy reservoir.
What is adipose fat?
In acetyl-CoA, this colored section enters the TCA cycle
What is the acetyl group?
ATP stores energy in these bonds.
What are phosphoanhydride bonds?
During the starved state, the brain primarily relies on these molecules for fuel.
What are ketone bodies?
The three usable ketone bodies discussed in the lecture, one of which is not useful for energy.
What are acetoacetate (β-ketobutyrate), β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone? Acetone is not useful for energy