"Layers of the Earth"
"Volcano"
"Dirt"
"Under Pressure"
"The A-Team"
100
Name the three layers of the Earth (in order) and the names of any boundaries between them.
Crust, mantle, and core. Between the crust and the mantle is the Moho, and between the upper and lower mantle is the transition zone.
100
How do igneous rocks form?
Cooling from a melt above or below ground (magma vs lava).
100
What are the four classes of sedimentary rocks and describe each?
Clastic- loose rock fragments cemented together. Biochemical- cemented shells of organisms. Organic- carbon rich remains of once living organisms. Chemical- minerals that crystallize directly from H20
100
What is the term for "parent rock",what two aspects are changed during metamorphism, and give two examples of how they change.
Protolith. Texture and mineralogy changes. Physical or chemical conditions can cause change such as burial, tectonic stresses, heating by magma, or fluid alteration.
100
What are the two types of metamorphic rocks?
Foliated (slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss) and non-foliated (hornfels, amphibolite, quartzite, and marble)
200
What is the core made of and what is the mantle made of?
Iron alloy; peridotite
200
What is the difference between intrusive and extrusive and give two examples of rocks for each type.
Extrusive- cool quickly at the surface (basalt, pumice, obsidian, rhyolite tuff, ash, scoria). Intrusive- cools slowly beneath the surface (granite, gabbro, diorite, pegmatite, porphyritic granite)
200
What are the three compositions used to distinguish sed. rocks?
Siliceous- quartz rich. Argillaceous- clay rich. Carbonate- contain calcite or dolomite
200
What are the four agents of metamorphism? (4 factors involved but not all required)
Heat (sources;geothermal gradient, magmatic intrusions, and compression), pressure, differential stress (normal and shear stress), and hydrothermal fluids (accelerate chemical reactions and alter rock
200
What makes up the cement that forms clastic sedimentary rocks?
Si, calcite, clay, and iron oxide.
300
What are the layers of rock that make up the oceanic crust (in order)?
Blanket of sediment --> basalt --> gabbro
300
What are the three ways that magma can form?
Pressure release, volatile addition (flux melting), and heat transfer.
300
What are the five ways that clastic sed rocks are created?
Weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, and lithification (compaction and cementation).
300
Draw the prograde sequence with temperature, pressure, and rock examples.
What is "insert picture here"
300
Draw the rock cycle with all processes and correct labels.
What is "insert picture here"
400
Is the entire mantle solid? If not, explain why.
No, some of the mantle has melted and the melt occurs in films or bubbles between grains of mantle at a depth of 100-200km beneath ocean floor.
400
What are the 4 different compositions of igneous rocks, what element determines the composition, and give one example of a rock for each composition.
Based on Si content. Felsic (rhyolite, granite), intermediate (andesite, diorite), mafic (basalt, gabbro), ultramafic (komatite, peridotite)
400
Choose 3 of the many depositional environments and describe what rocks you would find there and why.
Glacial, mountain stream, alluvial fan, sand dune, river, lake, marine delta, coastal beach, shallow marine, deep marine.
400
What are the 8 types of metamorphism and describe.
Thermal (plutonic intrusion), burial (T and P ^), dynamic (shearing in fault), regional (orogenesis alter P and T), hydrothermal, subduction (high P low T),shock (high P bolide impact),mantle (high P)
400
In terms of igneous rocks, define the following: dike, sill, pluton, laccolith, batholith, and xenolith.
Dike-intrusion cutting across. Sill- intrusion injecting parallel. Laccolith- intrusion doming upward b/w layers. Pluton-blog shaped intrusion. Batholith- intrusion of many plutons. Xenolith-not melted entirely and becomes surrounded by new igneous rock
500
Describe the density and temperature patterns with the Earth.
Oceanic denser than continental. Temp ^ and density decreases as depth ^ in the mantle. Outer core = liquid b/c high temp, inner core solid and denser b/c high pressure.
500
Draw Bowen's reaction series and explain what it is showing/modeling.
Fractional crystallization- early settling of crystals during the cooling of a melt. Fe, Mg and Ca settle out first then Si, Al,and Na.
500
Describe the 4 sedimentary basins.
Rift basin, Passive margin, Intracontinental basin, and foreland basin.
500
How do metamorphic rocks return to the surface?
Exhumation- uplift (compression squeezes deep rocks up), extensional collapse (uplifted range spreads out), erosional unroofing (weathering and erosion exposes)
500
Describe ripples, dunes, cross beds, graded beds, mud cracks, and scour marks.
I'll talk about it
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