Chemical Reactions
Building of larger molecules from smaller molecules (or atoms) by forming chemical bonds. (reactants --> products)
A + B --> AB
Synthesis
Occurs when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken.
Chemical Reactions
Increasing this causes reactions to proceed more quickly because of the increase in kinetic energy of the reactants.
Temperature
Water can absorb and release large amounts of heat before changing appreciably in temperature.
High Heat Capacity
When acids and bases are combined, they form water and a salt. What is this called?
Neutralization Reaction
Creation of smaller molecules from larger ones by breaking chemical bonds.
AB --> A + B
Decomposition Reaction
Typically endergonic (building up, absorb energy).
Anabolic Reactions
Increasing this of the reactants increases the rate of reaction. When equilibrium is achieved, additional reactants must be added or products removed to increase the reaction rate.
Concentration
To change water from a liquid to a gas requires a large amount of energy to break the hydrogen bonds.
High Heat of Vaporization
Acids that dissociate completely and irreversibly. What is this called?
Strong Acids
A + BC --> AC + B
Single Replacement Reaction
Typically exergonic (breaking down, give off energy).
Catabolic Reactions
Smaller reactants tend to react faster than larger reactants, more kinetic energy.
Particle Size
Water is the universal solvent. The polarity of the molecules helps to pull apart ionic bonds and distribute the constituents in a homogeneous fashion.
Polar Solvent Properties
Chainlike molecules made up of many similar or identical smaller units. What is this called?
Monomers
Involves both decomposition and synthesis, bonds must be both broken and reformed.
AB + CD --> AD + CB
or
AB + C --> AC + B
Double Replacement Reaction
All chemical bonds represent this. What is it?
Potential Chemical Energy
Substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without becoming chemically changed or used up. Enzymes are biological what?
Catalysts
Reaction where complex molecules (like starch) are broken down into simpler molecules by the addition of water molecules.
Hydrolysis Reaction
Molecules that contain a backbone of carbon atoms to which hydrogen atoms or other groups are attached. What is this called?
Hydrocarbons
Special type of decomposition reactions found in metabolism where a reactant loses electrons and becomes oxidized (electron donor) and the other reactant gains electrons and becomes reduced (electron acceptor)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (Redox Reactions)
All chemical reactions are theoretically reversible. When the arrows are of equal length, there is neither a net forward nor net reverse reaction. The reaction continues but it is in a state of what?
Chemical Equilibrium
Study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter.
Biochemistry
When large carbohydrates are produced, a water molecule is released with every bond formed. What process is this called?
Dehydration Synthesis
Substrate binds to enzymes active site forming what?
It also undergoes internal rearrangements that form the product (catalytic role).
Enzyme-Substrate Complex