Chapter 10
How are elements organized on the periodic table?
by increasing atomic number and similar properties.
Define valence electron
The outermost electrons that are used during bonding.
Define chemical reaction
a process in which atoms of one or more substances rearrange to form one or more new substances.
What are the 4 categories of matter?
Elements, compounds, homogeneous mixtures, and heterogeneous mixtures
What three particles makeup atoms?
Proton, Neutron, Electron
What is a period and group on the periodic table and give an example?
A period is a row on the periodic table.
A group is a column on the periodic table.
What is the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond?
In ionic bonds a metal gives away an electron to a nonmetal and the resulting ions are attracted to each other.
Covalent bonds are between two nonmetals and share electrons.
What is the name for the substances before and after the chemical reaction?
reactants and products
Define solute and solvent
The solvent is the substance that exists in the greatest quantity in a solution.
The solute is any other substance in the solution.
Why do elements want to have a full shell of valence electrons
to be chemically stable
Define a Semiconductor
conducts electricity at high temperatures , but not at low temperatures
Define metallic bond
A bond formed when many metal atoms share their pooled valence electrons.
What is it called when a chemical reaction releases energy?
an exothermic reaction
Define pH
an inverse measure of the concentration of hydronium ions in a solution.
Give me an example of an acid and a base
acid: Lemon juice
Base: soap
What is the name of groups 17 and 18
Halogens, and Noble gases
Draw the electron dot diagram of Helium, Sulfer, and Magnesium.
Helium, two dots on top
Sulfer, six dots
Magnesium, two dots
What are the 4 types of chemical reactions?
Synthesis, Decomposition, Single replacement,and Double replacement
What is the difference between a saturated solution and an unsaturated solution?
Saturated solution: a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute the solution can hold at a given temperature.
Unsaturated solution: a solution that can sill dissolve more solute at a given temperature
Define atomic mass and average atomic mass
the sum of the atom's protons and neutrons.
The average mass of the element's isotopes, weighted according to the abundance of each isotope.
What are 4 common properties of metals and define them?
Ductility, ability to pull into wires
Malleability, ability to hammer into thin sheets
Luster, shinny
Conductivity, ability to conduct electricity and heat
What would make bromine more similar to a noble gas?
gaining one electron
What are four ways to decrease the reaction rate of a chemical reaction?
Decrease the temperature
Lower the concentration
decrease the surface area
add inhibitors
Calculate the concentration (g/L) of a container of water (300ml) with 60 g of salt.
200 g/L
How many bonds does a nitrogen atom form when it bonds with another nitrogen atom?
3 bonds.