Newborn Changes
When is the newborn period?
Days 1-28 days of life
Which of the following are mechanical ways to initiate breathing? Select all that apply
compression of fluid filled passages at birth
Removing the baby during a c-section
crying
compression of fluid filled passages at birth
crying
What is the normal respiratory rate at birth & for the first 2 hours?
60-70 breaths per minute
When does the ductus arteriosus close? If it does not close, what can be heard?
Functional closure occurs in the 1st few hours of life. Full closure occurs in 3 weeks. If it remains patent, can be auscultated as a murmur
What is the purpose of the foramen ovale & why?
opening between left & right atrium
Allows blood to bypass the lungs
Blood is already oxygenated from the mother
the newborn adjustment from intrauterine to extrauterine life
It causes an elevation in pCO2 & decrease in pH & pO2, which forces the newborn to use their lungs.
What is apnea classified as?
a pause in breathing for >20 seconds
What is the purpose of the ductus arteriosus & why?
Provides blood flow from the pulmonary artery to aorta
Blood bypasses the lungs - already oxygenated
What causes closure of the foramen ovale?
Changing atrial pressures cause it to close.
True or False - Respiratory & circulatory functions stabilize during the newborn period
True
True or false, The mucus should be cleared from the nose first, and then the mouth.
False, mucus should be cleared from the mouth first.
What are signs of respiratory distress in a newborn? Select all that apply
retractions
crying
Non-visible chest rise
grunting
nasal flaring
retractions
grunting
nasal flaring
What is the purpose of the ductus venosus?
Carries oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein & inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver.
What is acrocyanosis vs. circumoral cyanosis?
acrocyanosis - normal body color, blue extremities
circumoral cyanosis - cyanosis around the mouth only
What happens to the body systems at the time of birth?
All systems change level of functioning or are established over the newborn period.
True or False, the first breath initiates the opening of the trachea.
False, the first breath initiates the opening of the alveoli.
Which of the following are signs of an upper airway obstruction? Select all that apply
seesaw breathing
stridor
gasping
pleural friction rub
retractions
seesaw breathing - suggests partial blockage of airways
stridor - sign of upper airway obstruction
gasping - sign of upper airway obstruction
retractions - occlusion of upper airways
Why does the ductus venosus close? What occurs when it closes?
Closes due to circulatory changes after birth.
Closure forces blood to circulate through liver.
True or false, transient acrocyanosis is due to decreased peripheral circulation & typically gives an increased score on the Apgar.
False, gives a decreased Apgar score (-1)
Why is surfactant necessary for breathing in the alveoli?
Promotes lung expansion
prevents collapse
promotes lung compliance (fill with air easily)
Which of the following could be a cause of apnea? Select all that apply
hyperthermia
wheezing
hypothermia
nasal flaring
low blood sugar
sepsis
hyperthermia
hypothermia
low blood sugar
sepsis
What hormone assists with keeping the ductus arteriosus open?
Prostaglandin
What blood pressures should be reported for a newborn?
Systolic <60
Diastolic <25