Respiratory System
What is the effect of aerobic training on the strength of respiratory muscles?
Aerobic training strengthens respiratory muscles, enhancing breathing mechanics and efficiency.
Define cardiac hypertrophy and explain how it is achieved through aerobic training.
Cardiac hypertrophy is the enlargement of the heart muscle, particularly the ventricles, achieved through increased stroke volume and cardiac output during rest and exercise.
What is the effect of aerobic training on slow oxidative muscle fibers?
Aerobic training induces hypertrophy of slow oxidative muscle fibers, increasing their capacity for aerobic energy production and delaying fatigue.
How does aerobic training affect aerobic enzyme activity?
Aerobic training increases the activity of aerobic enzymes, enhancing the metabolism of triglycerides and glycogen for energy production.
How does aerobic training impact the surface area of alveoli and what is the consequence for gaseous exchange?
Aerobic training increases the surface area of alveoli, improving external gaseous exchange by increasing the volume of oxygen diffused into the bloodstream.
How does increased arterial wall elasticity benefit cardiovascular function during aerobic training?
Increased arterial wall elasticity improves the efficiency of the vascular shunt mechanism, enhancing vasoconstriction and vasodilation to better regulate blood pressure and redistribute cardiac output.
How does aerobic training influence the size and density of mitochondria in muscle cells?
Aerobic training increases the size and density of mitochondria, enhancing the utilization of oxygen and the production of aerobic energy.
What changes occur in body composition due to aerobic training in terms of fat mass and lean mass?
Aerobic training decreases fat mass and increases lean mass, leading to a higher metabolic rate and improved body composition.
Describe the effect of aerobic training on the frequency of breathing rate during sub-maximal exercise.
Aerobic training decreases the frequency of breathing rate during sub-maximal exercise, resulting in more efficient respiratory function.
Describe the impact of increased blood/plasma volume on cardiovascular performance.
Increased blood/plasma volume lowers blood viscosity, improving blood flow and venous return, which enhances cardiovascular performance and endurance.
What adaptations occur in myoglobin stores due to aerobic training, and what is the functional benefit?
Aerobic training increases myoglobin stores, improving the storage and transport of oxygen to mitochondria, thus enhancing aerobic energy production.
How does aerobic training impact insulin resistance and glucose tolerance?
Aerobic training decreases insulin resistance and improves glucose tolerance, enhancing the body's ability to manage blood sugar levels.
Explain how aerobic training delays the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) in relation to respiratory adaptations.
Aerobic training enhances the strength and efficiency of respiratory muscles and increases alveolar surface area, leading to improved oxygen uptake and utilization, which delays the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA).
What changes occur in the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin content due to aerobic training, and what is the physiological significance of these changes?
Aerobic training increases the number of red blood cells and hemoglobin content, enhancing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, which supports improved aerobic performance and endurance.
Describe the impact of aerobic training on the strength of connective tissues.
Aerobic training strengthens tendons and ligaments, increasing joint stability and reducing the risk of injury.
Explain the role of aerobic training in improving metabolic rate and energy expenditure.
Aerobic training increases metabolic rate by enhancing the activity of aerobic enzymes and lean muscle mass, which boosts energy expenditure and aids in weight management.
How does aerobic training alleviate asthma symptoms at the physiological level?
Aerobic training reduces the constriction of bronchial airways and inflammation of mucous membranes, enhancing airway patency and reducing breathing restrictions associated with asthma.
Explain the long-term cardiovascular benefits of aerobic training in relation to coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke
Long-term aerobic training reduces the risk of coronary heart disease by preventing the narrowing of coronary arteries and decreases the likelihood of stroke by maintaining healthy blood pressure and preventing blockages in cerebral arteries.
How does aerobic training affect bone mineral density and what is the consequence for injury risk?
Aerobic training increases bone mineral density by enhancing calcium absorption, which strengthens bones and decreases the risk of fractures and osteoporosis.
How can aerobic training serve as a preventive measure for type 2 diabetes, and what are the physiological mechanisms involved?
Aerobic training improves insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by enhancing the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels and maintain a healthy weight.