Acid and Base
What is the pH range for normal arterial blood
7.35-7.45
what protein is stimulated by hypertonicity?
Tonicity responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP)
What is the difference between osmolarity and osmolality
osmolarity is per L osmolality is per Kg 2nd
Name the hormone which causes the connecting tubule and the collecting duct to become more water permeable (spell it correctly 🙂)
antidiuretic hormone
Which body system is the 2nd fastest in managing acid-base disturbances?
Respiratory/lungs
How does a reduction in effective circulating volume affect sodium and water excretion
decreases sodium and water excretion
What is the meaning of colligative properties?
Physical properties depend on the osmolarity rather than the chemical nature.
In which part of the Loop of Henle is the osmolarity the highest?
The most deep part (the inflexion)
Which enzyme allows carbon dioxide and water to split into a proton and bicarbonate in the process of bicarbonate resorption?
Carbonic anhydrase
What is the mechanism of K+ reabsorption?
by a-intercalated cells via the H+/K+ atpase 4
if the solutes are permeant in a hyperosmotic solution, is it also hypertonic?
No
What causes us to immediately feel less thirsty after drinking water?
Monitoring of water intake by the GI tract.
Glutamine is able to produce 2 ammoniums. What are the other 2 products produced in the reaction?
glutamate and alpha-ketoglutarate
Name 2 things that increase K+ secretion?
1 increased aldosterone 2. increased distal nephron flow rate 3. increased tubular flow rate 4. impermeant anions in tubular fluid
Name 2 factors that control your total body water
Thirst, kidney, and ADH (any of the 3)
What are the two main processes that allow active countercurrent multiplication to occur?
The active Na+/Cl- pumps in the thick ascending loop of Henle which pump ions into the interstitium AND the continual flow of solution through the Loop of Henle due to filtration occurring at the glomerulus.