Cellular and Membrane Physiology
What ion is primarily responsible for the depolarization of a neuron during an action potential?
a) Potassium (K⁺)
b) Sodium (Na⁺)
c) Calcium (Ca²⁺)
d) Chloride (Cl⁻)
b) sodium (Na⁺)
What is released by mast cells during inflammation that promotes vasodilation?
a) interferon
b) cytokines
c) histamine
d) antibodies
c) histamine
What are the 3 steps in phagocyte emigration from the vascular compartment?
a) adhesion, migration, destruction
b) margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis
c) infiltration, absorption, elimination
d) recognition, binding, and engulfment
b) margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis
slide 17
What condition is characterized by an abnormally high red blood cell count?
a) anemia
b) polycythemia
c) leukopenia
d) leukocytosis
b) polycythemia
What antibodies do you have if you have O blood type? (universal donor)
a) none
b) anti-A and anti-B
c) anti-A
d) anti-B
b) anti-A and anti-B
slide 15
Which pump is responsible for maintaining the resting membrane potential by moving sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell?
a) Calcium pump
b) Sodium-potassium pump
c) Proton pump
d) Potassium-chloride pump
b) the sodium-potassium pump
What triggers secretion of cytokines and chemotaxis?
a) proliferation of neutrophils
b) extravasation
c) macrophage engulfment of bacteria
d) buildup of cell components
c) macrophage engulfment of bacteria
slide 20 of immune pt 1
What are the 5 typical signs/symptoms of inflammation?
a) rubor, tumor, calor, dolor, and function laesa
b) redness, swelling, fever, pain, and fatigue
c) heat, redness, itching, swelling, and numbness
d) dolor, tumor, fever, weakness, and stiffness
a) rubor, tumor, calor, dolor, and function laesa
slide 4
What is one mechanism that the healthy body has to regulate plasma volume when it is low?
a) release of vasopressin
b) decrease blood pressure
c) promotes water excretion
a) release of vasopressin
What is the first step in hemostasis?
a) formation of platelet plug
b) blood clotting
c) vascular spasm
d) fibrin formation
c) vascular spasm
slide 18
Two receptors, A and B, can bind the same chemical signaling molecules but the concentration of those molecules required to reach 50% saturation is twice as great for receptor B. Therefore, the receptors have the same ________, but different ________.
A) specificity; affinity
B) specificity; saturation
C) affinity; specificity
D) affinity; competition
E) competition; affinity
A) specificity; affinity
What is an example of an antigen-presenting cell (APC)?
a) neutrophils
b) dendritic cells
c) t cells
d) mast cells
b) dendritic cells
slide 11 of immune pt 2
When a blood vessel is injured, it releases chemicals that activate platelets and cause them to stick to the injury site. The activated platelets in turn release more chemicals and attract more platelets to the injury site until the wound is fully sealed. This process of blood clotting is an example of
A) negative feedback.
B) positive feedback.
C) feedforward regulation.
D) adaptation.
E) acclimatization.
B) positive feedback.
What type of leukocyte produces antibodies?
a) T cells
b) B cells
c) neutrophils
d) basophils
b) B cells
What is the life span of a RBC?
a) 60 days
b) 90 days
c) 120 days
d) 180 days
c) 120 days
During a lab experiment, you forgot to label your solution containers. You see that red blood cells were placed into an unlabeled solution and they shrunk. What can be concluded about the unknown solution?
A) Its nonpenetrating solute concentration is greater than that of a normal cell.
B) Its nonpenetrating solute concentration is less than that of a normal cell.
C) Its nonpenetrating solute concentration is equal to that of a normal cell.
D) Its penetrating solute concentration is less than that of a normal cell.
E) Its penetrating solute concentration is greater than that of a normal cell.
A) Its nonpenetrating solute concentration is greater than that of a normal cell.
Which pathway in the immune system involves the activation of complement proteins in response to antibodies bound to antigens?
a) Classical pathway
b) Alternative pathway
c) Lectin pathway
d) Innate pathway
a) Classical pathway
How many hours after injury do monocytes typically arrive at the site of inflammation?
a) 1-2 hours
b) 4-6 hours
c) 8-12 hours
d) 24-48 hours
c) 8-12 hours
slide 7
Follow-up question: what are examples of monocytes?
What do RBCs lack?
a) oxygen
b) iron
c) heme
d) nuclei
d) nuclei
In the formation of a platelet plug, what does collagen contain that is necessary for this step?
a) interleukins
b) platelet activators
c) ADP
d) inactive platelets
b) platelet activators
slide 20
The process of myelination in nerves leads to what major physiological benefit?
a) Increased synaptic transmission
b) Faster conduction of nerve impulses
c) Increased neurotransmitter release
d) Decreased signal transmission
b) Faster conduction of nerve impulses
What is passive immunity?
a) Immunity acquired through vaccination
b) Immunity acquired through direct exposure to pathogens
c) Immunity acquired through the transfer of antibodies
d) Immunity acquired from the activation of T cells
c) Immunity acquired through the transfer of antibodies
What is opsonization?
a) the process of marking bacteria for phagocytosis
b) the process of killing bacteria
c) the process of inflammation reduction
d) the process of tissue repair
a) the process of marking bacteria for phagocytosis
slide 9
What hormone regulates RBC production?
a) ADH
b) glucose
c) cholesterol
d) erythropoietin
d) erythropoietin
a) high pressure
b) WBC
c) mast cells
d) thrombin
d) thrombin
slide 21